U4 L1, AP232

when blood is scarlet it is

when blood is scarlet it is

oxygen rich

when blood is dark red it is

oxygen poor

pH of blood is

7.35 - 7.45

Temperature of blood

• 38 degrees

• slightly higher than normal blood temperature

average volume of blood

• 5 - 6 L for males

• 4 - 5 L for females

blood function

• transport and distribution

• regulation

• protection

transport and distribution

• transports  oxygen  from  the  lungs

• transports nutrients  from  the  digestive  tract

• transports metabolic wastes  from  cells  to  the lungs, liver and kidneys  for elimination

• transports hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

regulation

• blood maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat

• By using buffer systems it is also responsible for the maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

• It also regulates fluid volume in the circulatory system.

protection

• blood  prevents  fluid/blood  loss  by  activating  plasma  proteins  and  platelets  and  initiating  clot  formation  when  a  vessel  is  broken

• Blood  prevents  infection  by  synthesizing  and  utilizing antibodies, and activating  complement  proteins and WBCs  to  defend  the  body against  foreign invaders.

blood maintains

• normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems

• adequate fluid in volume in the circulatory system

• appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat

plasma

• liquid part of the blood

• extracellular matrix

• compromises about 55% of blood

blood cells

• erythrocytes (RBC)

• leukocytes (WBC)

• thrombocytes (platelets)

• the remaining percent of blood is usually 45% of RBS and less than 1% is the remaining platelets and WBC

A hematocrit represents

• the percentage by volume of RBCs in the total blood volume.

• it is 45%

plasma is the extracellular matrix that consists of

• water (91%)

• plasma proteins (7%)

• organic solutes  (1%)

• inorganic solutes (1%).

plasma proteins are

large molecules  synthesized in  the liver

plasma proteins are

• too large  to leak  out  of  the  vessels/capillaries

• responsible  for  blood  osmotic  pressure.

what are the plasma proteins

• albumin

• gamma globulins

• alpha globulins

• beta globulins

• clotting proteins

albumin proteins

maintains bloods osmotic pressure

all except from gamma globulins are in the

liver

clotting proteins (fibrinogen)

aids in the blood coagulating cascade

gamma globulins (y globulins)

• antibodies

• help with immune defense

alpha globulins

transport hydrophobic molecules in the blood

beta globulins

transport hydrophobic molecules in the blood

Organic solutes include

• nutrients (amino acids, glucose, lipids)

• waste products (urea, uric acid)

• hormones.

inorganic solutes are mostly

ions

inorganic solutes include

• chloride ion (Cl‐ )

• sodium ion (Na+ )

• potassium ion  (K+ )

• calcium  ion  (Ca+ )

• iron  ion  (Fe+3)

• phosphate  ion  (PO4 ‐3)

• bicarbonate  ion  (HCO3 ‐ )

• other minerals.

• Gasses like oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide, CO2 and nitrogen gas (N2), are also dissolved in blood.

Erythrocytes (RBC)

4‐6 million/μL

Leukocytes (WBC)

5‐10 thousand/μL

Thrombocytes (platelets)

150‐400 thousand/μL

hematopoiesis

• takes place in red bone marrow of the axial  skeleton and girdles, and the epiphyses of the humerus and femur

• is the blood cell formation

• give rise to all  formed elements.

• may remain uncommitted, pluripotential stem cells and continue to proliferate; or differentiate into precursors for WBC, RBC, or platelets.

types of blood tests

• complete blood count (CBC)

• chemistry profile

• prothrombin time

complete blood count (CBC)

a quick and easy test that includes Hematocrit, hemoglobin  and formed element count.

chemistry profile

• may be subdivided in a few test

• measures electrolytes, glucose, lipids,  heart and liver enzymes creatinine, bilirubin, urea, etc

hemostasis is evaluated using

• prothrombin time

• platelet count

leukocytes (WBC)

• Leukocytes are the only blood components that are complete cells. T

• hey are less numerous than  RBCs, making only 1% of the total blood volume.

• A normal WBC count is 5,000 to 10,000 /mm3 .

Leukocytosis is an

• increase of a WBC count over 11,000/mm3

• a normal response to  inflammation.

• all cells are mature

• mostly neutrophils

function of leukocytes

• immune defense

• can leave capillaries via diapedesis

• move through interstitial spaces (tissue spaces)

• most are capable of phagocytosis

Based on the appearance of their cytoplasm, WBC’s can be divided into

• granulocytes and  agranulocytes.

Granulocytes contain

• granules in cytoplasm

• Their nucleus is usually segmented  (divided into lobes)

• Most are phagocytes.

• three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophiles

• granulocytes with both pink and  purple granules (princess pink)

• highly lobulated nucleus (3‐6  parts) giving them a name of polymorphonuclear  leukocytes (PMN).

• They compose 50‐70% of the  WBC count.

• Their major function is phagocytosis,  especially in response to bacterial infections

eosinophils

• granulocytes with pink acidophilic  granules and lobulated nucleus. (hot pink)

• They compose 1‐ 4% of the WBC count.

• Their major function is the  secretion of toxic materials to kill parasites and the  phagocytosis of parasites.

basophils

• granulocytes with purple granules and a  lobulated nucleus. (all purple)

• They compose 0.5‐1% of the  WBC count.

• Their major function is the secretion of  chemicals that promote inflammation.

• Examples  are histamine which causes vasodilation and  attracts WBCs, and heparin which slows clotting.

Agranulocytes contain

• no granules

• They include monocytes and lymphocytes

monocytes

• agranulocytes with a horseshoe‐shaped nucleus.

• Their nucleus may contain  bubbles.

• They compose 3‐8% of the WBC count.

• Their major function is also phagocytosis.

• Monocytes migrate into the tissue (diapedesis) and become macrophages.

lymphocytes

• agranulocytes with a large round nucleus.

• They compose 20‐40% of the WBC  count.

• Their major function is the immune response.

• There are different types of  lymphocytes.

• Some secrete toxic chemicals; others are more directly involved in an immune  response.

leukopoiesis

• Leukopoiesis is the formation of leukocytes.

• All leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts.

Hemocytoblasts differentiate into

myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells  become

myeloblasts or monoblasts.

Lymphoid stem cells become

lymphoblasts.

Myeloblasts  develop into

• eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils.

Monoblasts develop into

Monocytes.

Lymphoblasts develop into

lymphocytes.

leukemia

• an increase of WBC in the blood stream '

• blasts appear in peripheral blood

• immature cells are incapable of normal functions

• too many white blood cells

WBC 9,000 mm, all mature cells what is the diagnosis?

normal

WBC 17,000 mm, all mature cells, mostly neutrophils whats the diagnosis?

leukocytosis

WBC 50,000mm, has blasts what is the diagnosis

leukemia

WBC 20,000mm, all mature cells, increase lymphocytes 70% what is the diagnosis

leukocytosis