Chapters 13.1-13.2

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Biology

10th

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39 Terms

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What does RNA stand for?
It stands for ribonucleic acid.
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How many strands does RNA have?
It is single-stranded.
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What sugar does RNA have?
It has the sugar ribose.
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What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and URACIL.
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How many strands does DNA have?
It is double-stranded.
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What sugar does DNA have?
It has the sugar deoxyribose.
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What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and THYMINE.
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Do both DNA and RNA have nucleotides?
Yes, they both have nucleotides.
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What is an amino acid?
It is a monomer of protein determined by three nucleotide bases.
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What is a protein?
It is a chain of amino acids.
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What are proteins the chemical triggers for?
They are the chemical triggers for many cell functions.
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What do proteins determine?
Proteins determine traits.
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What is a gene?
It is a segment of DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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What is the role of RNA?
Its role is to serve as a temporary copy of DNA that translates the genetic code into a protein.
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What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
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What does mRNA do?
It brings the instructions for polypeptide/protein synthesis from the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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What does rRNA do?
It forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome.
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What does tRNA do?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.
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Where does transcription take place?
It takes place in the nucleus.
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What happens during transcription?
During this, DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA). mRNA then leaves the nucleus and moves onto a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
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What do ribosomes (rRNA) use to make proteins?
They use mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids to make proteins.
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How does transcription work?
It works thanks to an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which looks for a region on the DNA known as a promoter. There, it binds and begins transcription.
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What are introns?
They are parts of RNA that are removed.
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What are exons?
They are the expressed (remaining) genes after the introns are removed.
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What is the genetic code of mRNA based on?
It is based on the 4 bases of mRNA (A, C, G, U).
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What are the "words" of the genetic code of mRNA?
They are 3 RNA sequences called codons.
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How many nucleotide bases code for 1 amino acid?
3 nucleotide bases code for 1 amino acid.
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A group of 20+ amino acids creates what?
It creates a polypeptide chain (protein).
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Where does the information that translation uses to produce proteins come from?
The information used by translation comes from the mRNA.
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Describe the transition from transcription to translation.
After transcription is finished in the nucleus, mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and the ribosomes. There, translation begins; tRNA "reads" the mRNA and attaches complementary amino acids.
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What attach the amino acids together during translation, forming a polypeptide chain?
Ribosomes attach amino acids together during translation.
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The polypeptide chain produced by translation keeps growing until?
It keeps growing until a STOP codon is reached.
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What is the start codon for the majority of polypeptide chains?
Methionine (AUG, met), is the start codon.
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How many different STOP codons are there?
There are 3 different STOP codons.
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Define what an anticodon is.
It is the 3 unpaired bases that each tRNA molecule possesses. It matches with the mRNA codon.
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Why is mRNA like a conveyor belt?
It is like a conveyor belt because it adds amino acids as it slides through the ribosome, creating a chain of amino acids (that eventually becomes polypeptide).
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What happens after the ribosome forming the polypeptide reaches a STOP codon on the mRNA molecule?
After the ribosome reaches a STOP codon, it releases the polypeptide (protein) that it was working on as well as the mRNA.
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What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
DNA to RNA to protein.
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What is gene expression?
It is the process of proteins putting genetic information into action in living cells.