soca03 final

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marriage

a legally recognised contract between 2 or more people in a sexual relationship, who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship

macro, meso, and micro approaches to studying family

 Macro focuses society as a whole. At the miso level they are concerned with the interactions within groups where multiples social roles interact simultaneously. At the micro level, they conus on the dynamics between individuals within ones family. 

exchange theory

social relationships are based on giving and returning valued goods or services, individuals seek to maximise their rewards in their interactions with others 

monogamy/polygamy

monogomy is being married to one person and polygamy is being married to more than one person

kinship

a person’s traceable ancestry ( by blood, marriage and or adoption)

family life cycle

a set of predictable steps and patterns that families experience over time

family life course

  a sociological model of family that see the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages 

functionalist approach to studying marriage and family

functionalist believe that families are an important social institution and play a key role in stabilising society, they prefer a typical nuclear family. 

critical sociology approach to studying marriage and family

They look at issues around family such as domestic violence, and child abuse, inequality between the sexes and right right to dispose of family property equally 

Symbolic Interactionist approach to studying marriage and family -

it looks a family itself as a symbol, they stress that family is not an objective concrete reality 

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What are some critiques of the functionalist approach to defining and understanding families?

It does not take into consideration of many groups and the differentiation between roles create tension among individuals who has conflicting roles 

Doing family

shifting language form family as a unit to family as a very allowing us to see how individual strategise to spend time together and maintain intimate relationships

Concerted cultivation 

Careful consideration and planning and arranging a wide variety of enrichment programs and extra curricular for children’s holistic cultivation 

Technology

the application of science to solve problems in daily life 

Digital divide

the uneven access to technology around race, class and geographic lines 

Knowledge gap

the gap in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology 

E-readiness

the ability to sort through, interpret and process digital knowledge 

Media

all print, digital and electronic means of communication 

new media

all interactive forms of information exchange 

Media globalisation

 the worldwide integration of media through the cross cultural exchange of ideas 

Technological globalisation

the cross cultural development and exchange of technology

Commercial functions

 various people enjoy technology and it has changed the way in which commercial is delivered. It is highly functional and can meet the market demographic of a particular place 

Entertainment functions

various medals has entertainment value

Social norm functions

media serves to socialise us and help us pass along norm, values and believes to the next generation 

Life-changing functions

it helps as a venue for commercialisation and to socialise us 

Gate keeping

the sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass media appropriate form and reduced to a manageable amount 

Panoptic surveillance 

a form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralised and the observed is never communicated with directly 

Cyberfeminsim

application to and promotion of feminism online 

Neo-luddites 

those who see technology as a symbol of the coldness of modern life 

Technophiles

those who see technology as symbolising the potential for a brighter future 

Formal Education

The learning of academic facts and concepts

Informal Education

Learning about cultural values, norms and expected behaviours through participation in a society

Cultural Transmission

The way people learnt values, beliefs and social norms of their culture

Universal access to education

The equal ability for all people to participate in education system 

Inclusion

It is a method involving complete immersion in a standard classroom

Mainstreaming

It balances time in a special needs classroom with standard classroom education

Manifest function of education

They include being socialised, social control, conformity to law and respect for authority, prepares someone for the workplace, provides methods allowing them to have upward social ability 

Latent function of education

Social networks for a person, ability to work in small groups and provided students a place to discuss various social issues. 

Sorting/ classification function of education 

Classifying students based on academic merit/ potential 

Hidden curriculum

The type of non academic knowledge one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission 

Issues with IQ test 

It can had a bias for texting cultural knowledge rather than actual intelligence. Students are placed into tracks. Tests are another way in which education does not provide equal activities 

Grade inflation

The idea that the achievement level associated with an A today sos lower than the achievement level related to A decades ago 

Labelling theory 

Labelling of a person can impact the way in which they turn out, for example someone who has not performed well on standardised test can lead to the student being low achieving and making then less motivated

Credentialism

The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a particular skills, had attained certain level of education or has met particular job qualifications 

Mcdonalidisation

is the process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate ore and more sectors of American society and rest of world. Characterisation of it is efficient, calculability (objectives are quantifiable), predictability ( the work and service provided are the same everywhere) and control, strict rules 

Mcdonalidlisaitno of education 

theres s assigned numbers ( calculability), effiecneity ( ta, teaching at age) standardised curriculums (predictability) and control ( fear of failure, universities funding based on performance, allowing government to have control over universities)

Standardised interview

Most useful when they know exactly what they want. It consist of a standard protocol / questionnaire that interview always reads the same way in the same order so the stimuli is same for all people 

In depth interview

Allows people to explain their experiences, attitudes, feelings and definitions of the situation on their own terms and in a way which is meaningful to them 

Close ended question

 When there is only certain responses to the question 

Double barrelled question

questions which ask more than one thing at the same time 

Open coding

open code does not limit the codes 

Closed coding

Go through material related to each broad open code and look for specific aspect of a theme 

Research reflexivity

Researchers realising how they are interpreting data and how their own experiences and status impact the way they analyse the data

In vivo coding

 a form of qualitative data analysis that places emphasis on the actual spoken words of the participants 

environmental sociology

 the study of interactions between human society and the physical environment 

anthropocentrism

the view that human beings are separate from and above the rest of nature 

human exemptionalism

 the view that humans are exceptional but not exempt from the natural world 

new environmental paradigm

 the view that human social action occur within an ecosystem that has its own processes and limits 

new ecological paradigm

emphasises that modern industrial society is beginning to exceed the limits of the environments 

triple bottom line

A company’s balance according to profit, people and planet 

anthropocene

a new geological era resulting from the consequences of human activities on the earth

environmental racism

a form of discrimination against minority groups and people form poor countries who are subjected to a disproportionate share of environmental hazard and polluting industries 

dominant social paradigm

the capitalistic view supported by an ideology that legitimates the domination of nature for the material benefits of humans 

alternative environmental paradigm

advocates living in harmony with the environment and not dominating it 

sustainable development

the belief that economic development can occur without damaging the environment 

treadmill of production theory

capitalism’s insatiable quest for profits and economic expansion is at odds with protecting the environment 

ecological modernisation theory

technological and scientific discoveries will keep pace with human and environmental pressure and allow economic expansion without destroying the environment 

ecofeminism

an approach that investigates the domination of women and nature by men 

bioprospecting

occurs when companies search in poor or indigenous areas for new biological entities to exploit 

biocolonialism

occurs when western companies exploit indigenous areas and express a dominant- submissive relationship 

biopiracy

unauthorised appropriation of traditional biological and genetic knowledge, resources and practices  of indigenous people 

deep ecology

belief that unless we believe environmental issues become our issue, very little can be accomplished 

War on drugs

a period in the 1970s in the us trying criminalise drugs 

deviance

 a violation of contextual, cultural or social norms 

crime

a behaviour that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions 

moral entrepreneurs

an. Individual or group who in the service of their own interest, publicises and problematise wrongdoing and has the power to create and enforce rules to penalise wrongdoing 

moral panic

a expanding cycle of deviance, media generate public fears and police repression 

sanctionshe means of enforcing rules 

the means of enforcing rules 

positive sanctions

rewards for conforming to norms 

Negative sanctions

punishment for violating norms 

informal sections

such as the reactions you may get for picking your nose 

formal sanctions

ways to officially recognise and enforced arms violation 

social disorganisation theory

theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and absence of social control 

strain theory

a throw which addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and social acceptable means to reach these goals

crimes of accommodation

crimes committed as ways in which individuals cope with conditions of oppression and inequality 

street cirme

crime committed by average people against other people or organisations, usually in public spaces 

white collar crime

crimes committed by high status / privileged member of society

doubly deviant

women who break both laws and gender norms 

secondary victimisation

after an initial victimisation, secondary victimisation is brought upon through criminal justice system 

differential association theory

 individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them who provide models of and opportunity of deviance 

labelling theory

the ascribing of a deviant behaviour to an individual by a member of society 

Primary deviance

a violation of norms that does not result in ant long term effects n the individuals self image or interactions with others

Secondary deviance

a change in a persons self concept and behaviour after is or her actions are labelled as deviant by a member of society 

master status

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual 

WHO definition of health

a sate of complete physical, metal and social well being and not ,merely the absence of ideas 

medical sociology:

the systematic study of how humans manage issue of health and illness, disease and disorders and health care for both the sick and the healthy 

Cultural meaning of illness 

culture determines which illnesses are stigmatised and which is not

stigmatisation of illness

when people are discriminated against because of illnesses and suffers are sometimes shunned due to illness/ disability 

contested illnesses

illnesses that are questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals

social construction of illness experience

deals with issues like how some patents control the manner in which they reveal their disease and lifestyle adaptations