Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Review (Vocabulary Flashcards)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the notes on culture, society, politics, economy, education, religion, health, and reciprocity.

Primary Groups

Small, intimate groups (e.g., family, close friends) that provide long-term support and belonging.

Secondary Groups

Larger, impersonal groups formed for specific goals or tasks (e.g., classmates, co-workers).

In-Groups

Groups to which an individual feels loyalty, belonging, and identification.

Out-Groups

Groups viewed as outsiders or rivals, where there is no sense of belonging.

Reference Groups

Groups people use as standards for self-evaluation and inspiration (e.g., music bands, fan bases).

Networks

Webs of social ties, connections, and linkages among individuals and institutions.

Aggregate

A collection of people who share the same physical space but have no real interaction (e.g., passengers in a jeepney).

Endogamy

Marriage within one’s social, ethnic, or religious group.

Exogamy

Marriage outside one’s group.

Monogamy

Marriage to only one spouse at a time.

Polygyny

Marriage where one man has multiple wives.

Polyandry

Marriage where one woman has multiple husbands.

Arranged Marriage

Elders arrange marriage to strengthen alliances (common in tribal settings).

Extended Family

Family structure with multiple generations living together (parents, grandparents, uncles, etc.).

Nuclear Family

Family unit with just parents and children.

Fictive Kinship

Kinship not based on blood or marriage but on social ties (e.g., calling mother’s friend “Tita”).

Consanguineal Relation

Kinship by blood (e.g., father and child).

Affinal Kinship

Kinship by marriage (e.g., wife’s brother).

Power

The ability to exercise one’s will or enforce decisions even against resistance.

Authority

Legitimate power accepted by society.

Legitimacy

Recognition and acceptance of authority without force.

Sovereignty

Supreme power or authority of the state.

Legal-Rational Authority

Authority derived from laws and the constitution (e.g., elected officials).

Traditional Authority

Authority based on customs, traditions, and hereditary systems.

Charismatic Authority

Authority based on personal traits and leadership charisma.

Political Dynasties

Maintained through influence, nepotism, and social capital.

Corruption and Erosion of Public Trust

Misuse of public funds or abuse of power causing people to lose trust in leaders.

Primary Sector

Involves extraction/harvesting of natural resources (e.g., farming, fishing, mining).

Secondary Sector

Focuses on processing raw materials into finished products (e.g., manufacturing, construction).

Tertiary Sector

Provides services to the population and businesses (e.g., teaching, banking, transportation).

Quaternary Sector

Service-based sector involving information, research, and high technology.

Bank

Non-state institution that collects deposits and provides financial services.

Education

Institution that transmits knowledge, values, and skills across generations.

Socialization

Education’s role in shaping norms, values, and interaction.

Social Integration and Control

Education reinforces conformity, respect, and integration with social institutions.

Cultural Transmission and Innovation

Education preserves culture while allowing for innovation.

Social Placement

Education sorts individuals into roles based on talents and achievements.

Forming Networks

Education helps students build connections for professional and personal growth.

Limited access in rural areas

Limited access to education in rural areas due to long distances.

Overcrowded Classrooms

Overcrowded classrooms; overburdened teachers and poor learning outcomes.

Monotheism

Belief in one God (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, Islam).

Polytheism

Belief in many gods (e.g., Ancient Greeks, Romans, Hinduism).

Animism

Belief that spirits inhabit natural objects like rivers, trees, and mountains.

Atheism

Rejection of supernatural beings or deities.

Theism

Belief in a divine being or beings.

Syncretism

Blending of different religions (e.g., mixing Catholic rituals with indigenous beliefs during Holy Week).

Cult

Small, new religious group often viewed as deviant.

Sect

Religious subgroup that breaks away from a larger denomination.

Denomination

Recognized branch of a major religion.

Ecclesia

Religious organization closely tied to the state.

Religious Freedom Issues

Policies that restrict wearing religious attire (e.g., hijab) show issues of cultural sensitivity and rights.

Illness

An individual’s perception and experience of poor health or discomfort.

Disease

Medically identified condition with symptoms.

Sickness

The social role of being ill, recognized by society.

Ethnomedicine

Traditional healing practices based on cultural beliefs and local resources (e.g., herbal medicine, hilot).

Medical Pluralism

Coexistence of traditional and modern medicine (e.g., consulting both hilot and doctor).

Mystical Causes of Illness

Attributing illness to spiritual or supernatural forces (e.g., bangungot).

Personalistic Causes

Illness caused by supernatural beings, witches, or curses.

Naturalistic Causes

Illness explained by natural imbalance or environment.

Hilot

Traditional Filipino healing method using massage and herbs.

Bahala Na Attitude

Fatalistic view that outcomes are left to fate; may discourage proactive health care.

Social Stigma

Cultural factor that keeps mental health issues private due to fear of judgment.

Preference for Hilot in Childbirth

Due to affordability and cultural familiarity over hospitals.

Generalized Reciprocity

Giving without expecting immediate return (e.g., gift-giving to a friend).

Balanced Reciprocity

Giving with expectation of equal return.

Negative Reciprocity

Attempting to get more than what one gives (e.g., taking advantage in trade).