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Flashcards on Neolithic Revolution, Early River Civilizations, Classical Civilizations, Byzantine Empire, Middle Ages, West/East Africa, Religions, Chinese Dynasties
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What did man transition from during the Neolithic Revolution?
Hunting and Gathering (nomadic) to settling along rivers and practicing agriculture
What rivers defined Mesopotamia?
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
What rivers defined the Indus Valley Civilization?
Indus and Ganges
What river defined Egypt?
Nile River
What river defined early China?
Yellow River
What skills did man learn during the Neolithic Revolution?
Farming and domesticating animals
How did population change after the Neolithic Revolution?
Small to large, patriarchal social hierarchy
What are the factors that lead to the beginning of civilization?
Food surplus, specialized labor, complex institutions
What was the political structure of Mesopotamia?
City states
Name three Mesopotamian city states.
Summer, Ur, Babylon
What was the Code of Hammurabi based on?
Punishments based on social class and gender
What was the Indus Valley Civilization the first to practice?
Urban planning
Name two achievements of the Indus Valley civilization.
Indoor plumbing, grid cities
What items were used to label products in the Indus Valley?
Harrapan seals (labels)
What type of government was in place in Ancient Egypt?
Theocracy
Name four Classical Civilizations
Han China, Mauryan/Gupta, Greece, Rome
What was Liu Bang’s (Han Dynasty) first goal?
Destroy his rivals' power by creating a centralized government
What philosophy did the Han Dynasty support?
Confucianism
What system of government did Wudi return to?
Returned to a centralized government.
Who founded the Mauryan Empire?
Chandragupta Maurya
What is Ashoka (Mauryan Empire) known for?
Conversion to Buddhism and efforts to spread the religion
What was the purpose of the Pillars of Ashoka?
communicate his Dharma policies and spread Buddhist teachings
What did the Mauryan army use to rule?
Used Military Strength to rule
What type of system did the Mauryan establish for their government?
bureaucratic system for efficient governance.
What type of advancements did the Mauryan period see?
Advancements in architecture, art, and literature
What led to the Fall of the Gupta Empire?
Did not prioritize military expansion or strengthening their army
What group's invasions damaged the Gupta military?
The Huns invasions
Who established an autocratic government in Rome?
Augustus
How did the Roman empire grow?
military conquest
Who ruled the Roman Empire?
Emperors
What was the Roman legal system known for?
codified laws
What was the function of the Roman army?
Conquer and maintain control over vast territories
Name three aspects of Roman culture that influenced Western civilization.
Language, architecture, and literature
Name three examples of Roman engineering.
roads, aqueducts, and public baths
What did Diocletian do to the Roman Empire?
Split the empire into two
Who was the first Caesar to accept Christianity?
Constantine
Name four factors that contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.
political instability, economic problems, military overspending, and invasions by Germanic tribes
Name three aspects of Rome's legacy
language, legal system, architecture
What emerged in Athens, Greece?
democratic institutions
Name two Greek tragedy playwrights.
Sophocles and Euripides
What impact did cultural and intellectual achievements of Classical Greece have?
lasting impact on Western civilization
What is Emperor Justinian known for?
Legal reforms, military conquests, and patronage of the arts
What legal work is Justinian responsible for?
Codified Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis
Other than codifying laws, what else was Justinian able to do to the empire?
Reclaimed lost territory
What did Justinian's armies accomplish?
restore some of the territory previously held by the Western Roman Empire.
What type of city was Constantinople?
strategic and prosperous city.
What type of system was feudalism?
social, economic, and political organization
What events mark the beginning and end of this time period?
Fall of the Western Roman Empire and transition into the Renaissance
What role did the Catholic Church play in the Middle Ages?
played a central role in medieval society
What was the primary cause of the Crusades?
Regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule
Name two motivations for the Crusades
Religious zeal and the Byzantine Empire's plea for help
What was one result of the Crusades?
Greater trade and cultural exchange
What was the political impact of the Crusades?
Contributed to the decline of feudalism and the rise of national monarchies
What pandemic significantly impacted European populations in the 14th century?
Black Death
What type of society were Ghana, Mali, and Songhai originally?
Original stateless societies
With the introduction of Islam, what occurred in Ghana, Mali, and Songhai?
Political rulers use religion to solidify their rule
What made Mansa Musa of the Mali Empire significant?
Controlled vast gold reserves and other valuable resources
What impact did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage have on the value of gold?
Caused the value of gold to plummet
Mansa Musa sought to replicate what type of cultural and intellectual centers in his own empire?
Islamic
Name two cities where Musa commissioned the construction of mosques and universities.
Timbuktu and Gao
Who introduced Islam to the Swahili coast?
Arab traders and settlers
What is the primary form of Islam practiced on the Swahili coast?
Sunni
What is Syncretism?
Islam was blended with pre-existing African traditions and beliefs
In Buddhism, what is complete peace and happiness known as?
Nirvana
Who was the founder of Buddhism?
Buddha
What is the first of the Four Noble Truths?
All life is suffering
According to Buddhism, how does one eliminate suffering?
eliminate desire
What is nirvana?
Union with the universe and release from the cycle of death and rebirth.
According to Confucianism, what should social order be based on?
Social order, harmony, and good government should be based on strong family relationships.
Who founded Confucianism?
Confucius
According to Confucianism, what is important to a well-ordered society?
Filial Piety
What is required to ensure social order?
Individual must find and accept his or her proper place in society
According to the Torah, what covenant did God make?
God made a covenant to be the god of the Hebrews
Name the main gods in Hinduism
Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
What is reincarnation?
the rebirth of the soul in a new body
In Hinduism, what releases you from earthly desires?
Moksha
Who was the son of God and the Messiah in Christianity?
Jesus Christ
What was Jesus' mission?
Bring salvation and eternal life
What is the sacred text of Christianity?
The bible
Who is the God of Islam?
Allah
Who founded Islam?
Muhammad
What is the holy book of Islam?
The Qur’an
List the Five Pillars of Islam
Faith, almsgiving, fasting , pilgrimage to Mecca, and prayer
Under whose leadership was the Grand Canal in China constructed?
Emperor Yang of Sui
Why was the Grand Canal constructed?
facilitate trade and transport
What type of developments during Song times increased yields?
Rice cultivation
Where was rice grown primarily during the Song Dynasty?
South of the Yangzi River
What does rice cultivation require?
level the paddy fields, clear irrigation ditches, plant and especially transplant the seedlings
Who was the only woman to rule China in her own name and was a patron of Buddhism?
Empress Wu Zetian
Name two factors that contributed to Wuzong's suppression of Buddhism
Economic concerns and political control
What type of printing did the Tang and Song Dynasties develop?
Woodblock printing
What is the Song Dynasty credited with developing?
Gunpowder
What type of money did the Song Dynasty introduce?
paper money
What navigational tool was invented during the Song Dynasty?
The compass