EDUC 380 - Exam 1 (Week 1 - Week 5)

What is Gough's simple view of reading?

Language comprehension x decoding = reading comprehension

Why is Gough's view of reading is a multiplication and not addition?

If either the language comprehension or decoding is ZERO, you can't have reading comprehension (0 times any number is 0).

What is language comprehension?

The ability to extract and construct literal and inferred meaning from speech. Derives from background knowledge & vocabulary

Example: reading Shakespeare

What is decoding?

The ability to recognize printed words accurately and quickly to gain access word meanings

Example: reading Chinese characters

What is receptive vocabulary?

Words you can understand when they are spoken to you

What is expressive vocabulary?

The words a person can speak.

What is breadth in vocabulary?

How many words you know.

What is depth in vocabulary?

How many times you can use a given word.

Example: there are many different ways to use the word "run": run for office, go for a run, run out of bread, etc.

What is a phoneme?

The smallest unit of SOUND in language that differentiates between two words (PHO = SOUND).

Example: I like radio = /aj/ /lajk/ /redio/ = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9

What is a grapheme?

Refers to a letter or combination of letters used to represent one sound/phoneme (GRAPH = SPELLING/WRITING).

Example: BOOT. The U sound is made by two letters OO. The group of letters (OO) is a grapheme.

What are minimal pairs?

Words that only differ by one sound.

Example: B_T → BAT, BUT

What is opaque orthography?

A system of writing in which the relationships between letters and sounds are inconsistent and the language permits many exceptions.

Opaque alphabet codes have multiple spellings for the same phoneme (same sound but different spelling). Example: long e sound - please, free, believe, ski...

Likewise, they have multiple decodings for the same graphemes (same spelling but different sounds). Example: soul, stout, cough, journey...

What is phonology?

The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

What is phonological awareness?

The umbrella term for the ability to hear and manipulate parts of the words and sentences such as rhyming or counting syllables (this is a prerequisite for decoding).

What is phonemic awareness?

The ability to hear and manipulate sounds or phonemes in spoken words

Example: say cat, now replace the c with an s- sat.

What are phonics?

A method of teaching to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system.

Tricky because of opaque orthography, there is no one-to-one relationship.

What is morphology?

The study of the smallest units of meaning within a word.

Example: cat = 1 morpheme, cats = 2 morphemes (cat/s/)

What is orthography?

The system for writing words using the proper symbols, according to accepted usage

What is the syllabic system?

There is one sign for each syllable (Japanese).

Example: I like radio (5 syllables): /I/ /like/ /ra/ /di /o/

What is the logographic system?

There is one sign for each unit of meaning (Chinese).

Example: I like radio: 👁 ❤️ 📻 = 3

What is a morpheme?

The smallest unit of meaning.

Example: (I) (like) (radio) = 3

What is the alphabetic principle?

Ability to associate sounds with letters and letter combinations AND use those sounds to form words.

Can be transparent/shallow (ex Finnish), or opaque/deep (ex: English)

What is the a diagraph in the alphabetic principle?

Two letters used to represent one phoneme that is different from the sum of its parts (2 letters = 1 sound).

Example: chair, phone, ship, thumb, sting

What is a blend in the alphabetic principle?

Consonant sequence that co-occurs frequently within the same syllable where the individual sounds can be heard (2 consonants = 2 sounds)

Example: stop, tree, clean, jump, sand

What is code-based instruction?

Explicit and intentional teaching of how the letter of the alphabet represent sounds in spoken language.

What are children's alphabet learning patterns?

Children learn upper case letters first because they are easier. Upper case advantage for every letter except for L.

Initially, children write using upper case letters often and randomly (Treiman & Kessler, 2004).

Children's names influence their knowledge about letters (Treiman & Kessler, 2004).

Letter name hypothesis: the names of the letters impact how easily they can be learned (Treiman & Kessler, 2004).

What is spell-to-read?

A step process of:

1. Present the sounds in the words (orally)

2. Analyze the sounds

3. Spell what is heard.

What is invented spelling?

Children's attempts to spell words they do not know how to spell (transcription of sounds).

Long definition: Children take what they know about the sound (phonology) and writing (orthography) and use it to construct new spellings (attempt to spell words they don’t know - transcription of sounds).

In a language that is shallow (not english), their attempts would be close to accurate because they are transcribing letters to each sound they hear. In English, this leads to very cute and very clever errors

What are the 3 things that children need to know about letters?

1. The sound they make

2. The shape of the letter

3. What the letter’s name is

What is the lexical quality hypothesis, and what are the three components for children to remember words?

This hypothesis states that for the quality of word recognition (for a word to become a word you know) you need:

1. Phonology: how to pronounce it

2. Orthography: how it is spelled

3. Semantics: what it means

**Acronym to remember: POS (piece of sh*t) haha

What are the 5 national reading panels (pillars of evidence-based literacy)?

1. Phonemic Awareness

2. Phonics

3. Oral Reading Fluency

4. Vocabulary

5. Comprehension Strategies

What is teacher knowledge and planning for instruction?

Teacher knowledge is mediated by instruction (knowing something is not enough to teach it).

How teachers plan for instruction reflects their knowledge

Teacher knowledge is positively correlated with how preservice teachers plan for instruction

What is the Cunningham et al., study about?

Worked with 722 K-3 teachers.

Using Moats Survey to measure teacher knowledge.

Also looked at familiarity with storybooks, as well as teachers' self-perceptions.

Poor calibration of knowledge. Those who thought they knew a lot knew very little and those who thought they knew little knew more.

This is a problem because IF YOU DON'T KNOW THAT YOU DON'T KNOW, you won't ask for help,

How does teacher knowledge affect student outcome and whose fault is it?

Preschool: Teachers who were taught about how to encourage children's language development positively impacted their students' language skills.

K-1: When teachers are taught about basic language constructs, their students do better in reading and writing.

Grade 5: When teachers are trained in providing motivating reading instruction, children's reading motivation is positively impacted.

Lacking teacher knowledge can be DETRIMENTAL to students' reading achievements

Whose fault is it?

1. Teacher training programs (professors teaching teachers how to teach but don't know what they're talking about)

2. Textbooks (missing information and got information wrong!)

What is the Binks-Cantrell study about?

Worked with teacher educators and their students.

Used Moats survey as a basis but adapted it to include more items.

Half the teacher educators (n=48) had participated in Professional Development about research-based reading instruction, and the other had yet to be trained.

Preservice teachers, whose professors had been trained, performed better than those whose professors had not yet been trained.

What is the Washburn, Binks-Cantrell, Joshi, Martin-Chang and Arrow about?

Worked with 279 pre-service teachers (Prok Koszak was in this study).

Found low scores on teacher knowledge measured in English-speaking countries.

Canada performed the best in all but two measures.

Its not just about about phonics and morphology...

Pre-service teachers who read more for fun are more likely to plan for hands-on reading activities for students.

Pre-service teachers who are taught about print exposure allocate more time for hands-on reading activities.

Teachers who are taught about positive classroom literacy environments plan for more reading-related activities

What is the home literacy environment?

Formal and informal literacy activities in the home predict reading achievement.

Formal: activities that focus on print.

Informal: storybook reading and conversations about story and characters .

What are classroom literacy environments?

Formal and informal activities that support explicit teaching and promote a love for reading.

Formal: explicit teaching of language constructs, guided reading, spelling, etc.

Informal: library visits, listening to audiobooks, free reading.

What are all the types of consonants?

Stops

Nasal

Fricatives

Affricatives

Glides

Liquids

What are the stops consonants?

/p/ & /b/

/t/ & /d/

/k/ & /g/

The flow of air is stopped completely, sound stops completely.

Can be at the beginning of words or at the end of them, but it must have something to start and stop.

Can be voiced or unvoiced (voiceless) depending on whether vocal chords are engaged

What are the nasal consonants?

/n/

/m/

/ŋ/

These sounds are made because air is obstructed in the mouth.

What are the fricative consonants?

/f/ & /v/

/s/ & /z/

/š/ & /ž/

/θ/ & /δ/

Friction is created as air is forced through a narrow space.

Can be voiced or unvoiced (voiceless).

What are the affricative consonants?

/č/

/ǰ/

These are produced with a stop closure and then an immediate release of air

Example: etch and edge (How to transcribe edge in IPA)

What are the glide consonants?

/j/

/w/

/h/

Similar to vowels because they do not block the air stream, but they are not vowels because they don't form the peak of a syllable.

The tongue quickly moves from the glide into the vowel that follows it.

Watch out /j/ vs /u/ sound, not the same but ppl confuse them! Y vs OO.

What are the liquid consonants?

/l/ 

/r/

Have no clear beginning or ending point in articulation. Said with an open mouth (like a vowel).

What are all the types of vowels?

Lax

tense

Diphthongs

Shwa

What are the lax vowels?

Short vowels:

bit, bet, book, bought, pot, but, bat

IPA:

/ae/ = apple

/ε/ = echo

/I/ = itch

/၁/ = audio

/ⴷ/ = up

What are the tense vowels?

Long vowels:

beet, bait, boot, boat

IPA:

/e/ = ape

/i/ = eagle

/aj/ = ice cream

/o/ = open

/u/ = ooze

What are the diphthong vowels?

When the shape of the mouth changes during one phoneme (two vowels next to each other):

boil, bout

IPA:

Oyster, out

What is the shwa vowel?

A mid-central lax vowel.

Happens in unaccented syllables (with the exception of "the").

The vowel that is in an unstressed syllable is often reduced to a shwa in running speech.

What are rhymes?

Monosyllabic words that end with the same vowel sound (and sounds that follow it).

Multisyllabic words that rhyme must rhyme on the STRESSED syllable, and all that follow

Example:

• gratitude vs latitude

• remember vs december

• NOT umpire and vampire.

What is an assonnance?

The repetition of vowel sound in stressed syllables that do not rhyme.

Example: palms, vomit, mom, clam, bomb

What is an onset?

The initial consonants before the vowel sound in a syllable.

Example: set

What is an orthographic rime?

The part of the syllable that begins with a vowel and includes anything that follows after - in a single syllable.

Example: set

What is a peak?

The vowel in each syllable.

Example: set

What is a coda?

Any consonant that follows the vowel.

Example: set

What are the six syllable types?

1. Closed

2. Open

3. Consonant -le

4. Vowel Team (diphthong)

5. R-controlled

6. Vowel-consonant -e

What are closed syllables?

Need a lax (short) vowel, often followed by 2+ consonants.

Example: ins(pect), a(mong), co(sent), (abs)cess.

What are open syllables?

Single vowel letter with syllable ends with a tense (long) vowel. Consonants are not doubled when combined with other syllables.

Example: (hu)mor, (mi)nor, (vi)tal, (ta)ble.

What are vowel team (and diphthongs) syllables?

Spelled with vowel combinations (tense or lax vowel).

Example: (boast)ful, (ail)ment, (few).

**Note: sometimes w and y will function as the second vowel (aw, ay, ow, oy, etc.)

What are r-controlled syllables?

Single vowel is followed by an "r"

Example: ab(surd), re(mark), (fur)niture, ea(ger), (hair)cut

What are vowel-consonant -e syllables?

Single letter followed by a consonant and a silent e.

Example: com(pete), im(pale), phon(eme), com(bine).

What are consonant -le syllables?

A final unaccented syllable that contains a consonant plus an /l/ and a silent "e"

Example: bi(ble), Bu(gle)