Ap Glossary Part 2

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English

11th

63 Terms

1

Induction

  • the process of reasoning to a conclusion about all members of a class through an examination of only a few members of the class

  • the form of reasoning moves from the particular to the general

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2

Irony

  • occurs when a situation produces an outcome that is the opposite of what is expected

  • when an author uses words or phrases that are in opposition to each other describe a person or an idea, an ironic tone results.

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3

Juxtaposition

  • when two contrasting things - ideas, words or sentence elements - are placed next to each other for comparison

  • sheds light on both elements in comparison

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4

Logos

  • the use of reason as controlling principle in an argument

  • authors often attempt to persuade readers by appealing to their sense of logos, or reason

  • a type of argumentative proof having to do with the logical qualities of an argument: data, evidence, factual information

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5

Metaphor

  • a figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly

  • usually for emphasis or dramatic effect

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6

Metonymy

  • a figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it

  • ex. a crown is associated with royalty, and is often used as a metonym for royal authority

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7

Mood

  • the prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene or event

  • similar to atmosphere

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8

Narration

  • one of the four basic types of prose

  • to narrate is to tell a story, to tell what happened

  • mostly used in fiction but also important in nonfiction

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9

Objective/Subjective

  • objective writing is factual and impersonal

  • subjective writing, sometimes called impressionistic writing, relies heavily on personal interpretation

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10

Onomatopoeia

  • an effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning

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11

Opinion

  • a belief or conclusion not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof

  • reveals personal feelings or attitudes or states a position

  • should not be confused with argument

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12

Organization

  • the thoughtful arrangement and presentation of one’s points or ideas

  • no single correct pattern of organization for a given piece of writing

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13

Overview

a brief summary of the whole work

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14

Oxymoron

  • combines two contradictory words in one expression

  • results are often unusual or thought provoking

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15

Pacing

the speed of a story’s action, dialogue, or narration

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16

Paradox

  • a seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth

  • ex. “he lifted himself up by his bootstraps” suggests a physical impossibility, and thus communicates a truth about the enormity of the person’s achievement

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17

Parallelism

literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures, (phrases, clauses, sentences) in series in order to develop an argument or emphasize and idea

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18

Parody

an effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing an imitation of the work or of the author’s style

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19

Pathos

  • a sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion evoked by an artistic work

  • type of argumentative proof having to do with audience: emotional language, connotative diction and appeals to certain values

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20

Persona

  • the character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text

  • implies a fictional representation or an act of disguise

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21

Personification

figure of speech where the ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities

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22

Point of view

the particular perspective from which a story is told

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23

Prewriting

encompasses all the activities that take place before a writer actually starts a rough draft (chooses a subject, brainstorms ideas, thesis and purpose, rehearses portions)

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24

Process Analysis

  • type of exposition

  • answers the question how?

  • explains how something works or gives step-by-step directions for doing something

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25

Publication

  • stage of the writing process is when the writer shares his or her writing with the intended audience

  • can take the form of a typed or an oral presentation

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26

Pun

  • a play on words

  • created by using a word that has two different meanings, or using two different words with similar meaning, for a playful effect

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27

Purpose

  • what the writer wants to accomplish in a particular piece of writing

  • seeks to relate (narration), to describe (description), to explain (process analysis), or to convince (argument)

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28

Repetition

the reiteration of a word or phrase for emphasis

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29

Revision

the writer determines what in the draft needs to be developed or clarified so that the essay says what the writer intends it to say

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30

Rhetoric, Rhetorical Purpose

  • the art and logic of a written or spoken argument

  • is purposeful; examples of rhetorical purposes include to persuade, to analyze, or to expose

  • to accomplish rhetoric purpose, a writer develops a rhetorical strategy, and then uses rhetorical, devices to accomplish the goal

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31

Rhetorical, or stylistic devices

  • the specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy and thus achieve a purpose for writing

  • some include: allusion, diction, syntax, selection of detail, figurative language and repetition

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32

Rhetorical question

  • a question that is asked for the sake of argument

  • no direct answer is provided to a rhetorical question

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33

Rhetorical strategy

  • a plan of action or movement to achieve a goal

  • describes the way an author organizes words, sentences and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose

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34

Satire

  • to ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events or doctrines, or to make fun of human foibles or weaknesses

  • ex. “A Modest Proposal”

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35

Selection of Detail

the specific words, incidents, images or events the author uses to create a scene or narrative are referred to as the selection of detail

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36

Sequence

  • refers to the order in which a writer presents information

  • writers commonly select chronological order, spatial order, order of importance, or order of complexity to arrange their points

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37

Simile

a commonly used figure of speech that compares the words, “like” or “as.”

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38

Slang

  • the unconventional, very informal language of particular sub-groups of a culture

  • such as bummed, coke, split, hurt, dis, blow off, cool and hot is acceptable in formal writing only if it is used purposefully

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39

Slanting

the use of certain words or information that results in a biased view point

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40

Speaker

  • the narrator of a story, poem or drama

  • should not be confused with the author, who creates the voice of the speaker

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41

Specific/General

  • Specific Words: name individual objects, qualities or actions within a class or group

  • General Words: name groups or classes of objects, qualities, or actions

  • To some extent, both of these terms are relative

  • ex. dessert is a class of things, pie is more specific than dessert but more general than pecan pie or cherry pie

  • good writing judiciously balances the general with the specific

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42

Strategy

  • a means by which a writer achieves his or her purpose

  • includes the many rhetorical decisions that the writer makes about organization, paragraph structure, syntax and diction

  • in terms of the whole essay, strategy refers to the principal; rhetorical mode that the writer uses

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43

Style

  • the individual manner in which a writer expresses his or her ideas

  • the authors particular selection of words, construction of sentences and arrangement of ideas create style

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44

Subject

  • content of the essay, what it is about

  • depending on the author’s purpose and the constraints of space, a subject may range from one that is broadly conceived to one that is narrowly defined

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45

Syllogism

  • is an argument that utilizes deductive reasoning and consists of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion

  • Ex:

    -All trees that lose leaves are deciduous (Major premise)

    -Maple trees lose their leaves (Minor premise)

    -Therefore, maple trees are deciduous (Conclusion)

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46

Symbol

  • a person, place or thing that represents something beyond itself

  • ex. the beaver is a symbol of Canada

  • literary symbols often refer to or stand for a complex set of ideas

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47

Synecdoche

  • figure of speech in which a part of something is used to signify the whole

  • allows for a smaller component of something to stand in for the larger whole, in a rhetorical manner

  • ex. “All hands on deck!”

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48

Synonym

  • a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word

  • ex. funny is a synonym for laughable; big for large; secret for hidden

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49

Syntax

  • refers to the way words are arranged in a sentence

  • ex. “The big blue sky beckoned her” essentially says the same thing as “She was beckoned by the big blue sky”

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50

Technical Language

  • or jargon, is the special vocabulary of a trade or profession

  • writers who use this do so with an awareness of their audience

  • if the audience is a group of peers, technical language may be used freely

  • if the audience is a more general one, technical language should be used sparingly and carefully so as not to sacrifice clarity

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51

Tension

a feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work

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52

Texture

  • describes the way the elements of a work or prose or poetry are joined together

  • suggests an association with the style pf the author - whether, for instance, the author’s purpose is rough-hewn (elements at odds with one another) or smooth and graceful (elements flow together naturally)

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53

Theme

  • usually considered the central idea of a work

  • there can be several themes in one piece of work

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54

Thesis

  • a statement of the main idea of an essay

  • also known as the controlling ideas, a thesis may sometimes be implied rather than states directly

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55

Title

a word or phrase set off at the beginning of an essay to identify the subject, to capture the main idea of the essay or to attract the reader’s attention

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56

Tone

  • can also be called attitude, is the way the author presents a subject

  • a particular tone results from a writer’s diction, sentence structure, purpose and attitude toward the subject

  • a correct perception of the author’s tone is essential to understanding a particular literary work

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57

Topic Sentence

states the central idea of a paragraph and thus limits and controls the subject of the paragraph

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58

Transitions

the words or phrases that link sentences, paragraphs and larger units of a composition to achieve coherence

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59

Understatement

when an author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves

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60

Unity

  • achieved in an essay when all the words, sentences and paragraphs contribute to its thesis

  • the elements of a unified essay do not distract the reader

  • they all harmoniously support a single idea or purpose

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61

Voice

  • how the speaker of a literary work presents himself or herself to the reader determines the speaker’s unique voice

  • also a grammatical term

  • a sentence can be written in either active or passive voice

  • to tell the difference, remember that when the subject performs the action in a sentence, the voice is active

  • ex. of active: “I sent the letter”

  • when the subject is acted upon the voice is passive

  • ex. of passive: “The letter was sent by me”

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62

Writing Process

  • consists of five major stages: prewriting, writing drafts, revision, editing and publication

  • the process is not flexible, but there is no mistaking the fact that most writers follow some version of it most of the time

  • the writing process is continuous, creative and unique to each individual writer

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63

Zeugma

  • a particular breech of sense in a sentence

  • occurs when a word is used with two adjacent words in the same construction, but only makes literal sense with one of them

  • ex. “She carried an old tapestry bag and a walk revealed a long history injury” the word “carried” makes sense with the word “bag” but not with the word “walk” and so is an instance of zeugma

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