Anthro 2A Final Egan

*7-Macro & Local Levels of Social Analysis

When examining a social phenomenon, you can look at:

1. Local: Only the specific things that have to do with what your'e interested in. You only look at the village. Anthropologists usually use this one!!!

2. Macro: The big picture. How does other society interactions affect the social phenomenon. You look at other nations' interaction to the village. Inter-societal relationships.

-Anthropology + Colonialism

-We have focused on these ideas--but now we look at the from the white man's point of view

-"reconstruct"

1. Scientific Racism

2. Unilinear Evolutionism

3. Social Darwinism

It is the colonizing power that sent off anthropologists to these colonies. They usually considered themselves superior.

-Colonialism

-A specific form of imperialism.

-Colonizing: conquering + governing a subjugated group, owning them and controlling them as colonies, and the conquerors administering government.

ex) Europe arose to global power in the 15th century

ex) Britain (16-17th century) and France (17th-18th)

-Imperialism

-Practice of running an empire.

-One Society eliminating others

-Social Evolution

1. Social Darwinism

2. unilinear evolutionism

Social Darwinism

-in the natural competition for limited resource, individuals that are more fit in societies will dominate

-England 'dominating' was natural, just as animals are in natural selection...

Unilinear

-The theoretical back bone of the 'white mans burden'

-to HELP these people

-they actually thought they were doing good

-Scientific Racism

-The idea that races other than Euro/ white were not full humans

-At the time (1700's), it was 'modernism' began--new economy (capitalism), rights, enlightenment, philosophy, John Locke... etc...

"We had these truths--that all men are created equal" --Thomas Jefferson

-Yet slavery existed--but Africans were not full humans, and were not subject to being created equal.

(greedy)

-3 Waves of European Colonial Expansion (& Japan)

1. Discovering the New World America

-Spain + Portugal 16th century

-Dutch, Britain + France 17th century

2. Early Industrial Capitalism

-Great Britain has capitalism now, and they need the New World to supply for it. They need markets and raw materials set up in their colonies.

3. Late 19th Century Industrial Capitalism

-Other countries develop capitalism. They need raw materials and markets. Its a mad grab for lands in America and Africa. Japan joins in on this land grabbing in 20th century

-Capitalism & Capitalist World System

-Capitalist World Economy: a single world system committed to production for sale or exchange (commodity + money), to maximize profit, and to keep growing interest

-extends beyond individual countries

Capital: wealth or resources invested in business to make a growing profit

Capital World System:

-Instead of using '1st, 2nd and 3rd' worlds to categorize countries, we use this.

A. simple global system of economic and political relations in which capitalism dominates--mixed with other forms.

B. 3 levels of positions: Core, peripheral and semi-peripheral

-Capitalist World System: three positions of economic and political power

1. Core: 1st World rich benefactors--dominant, strongest, most industrial and advanced. Collects most capital.

ex: U.S.

2. Semi-Periphery: The middle man. The guys who are ok.

ex: Brazil

3. Periphery: Real crappy 3rd world countries. Raw materials come from them.

ex: Africa

-Profit and the Colonies

Explain the process

How to Profit from Colonies

-Send your men (or prisoners) to the New World

-Direct settlement of overseas territory

-They establish colonies

-Develop a way to extract resources

-Make the locals work for you--use of labor. If they didn't want to, then force them.

DIRECT means of rule: slaves

INDIRECT means: taxes

-Slave Trade

direct means of profit

-Blackbirding

A way to force locals to work for you.

You force them into indentured servitude.

You kidnap them, force them to sign a contract, now they're bond by contract to work for you as an indentured servant.

Supposedly, you're supposed to pay them at the end once their indentured servant time is up.

-Conscription

A way to get labor.

Government order to get people to work on a project.

Its like a draft, but for labor instead of war.

-Colonial Strategies of Accessing Labor

-Make them pay taxes, in your own currency. Oh they don't have francs? Well, they can get the francs if they grow crops and cattle for us and sell it to us for the francs.

-Take away their lands. Now they got no income from crops. They need some sort of job to pay for general living. Offer them a cheap job. They got no choice but to take it.

-Local Impacts of Colonialism + Imperialism

Depopulation (mainly by diseases)

Wars of Subjugation (Herero--German Colony in SW Africa)

Genocide

Frontier:

A. East: Culture and Order

B. West: Nature and Chaos

-Dispossession of Land

-reserves

Indian Removal Act of 1830: Andrew Jackson signed

-alienable + inalienable

-Abusive methods labor control

-Belgian Rubber Extraction

-Environmental Degradation

-Phosphate Mining

-Undermining Local Cultural Conditions. Force your own ways upon them.

-Disease, Depopulation and Imperialism

American Indians and Disease

Disease: New World natives had no resistance to European diseases. They got wiped out.

Depopulation: Settlers used disease, stamping out revolts, or mass genocide to kill natives.

-Herero Revolt

Herero Natives kicked off their land by conquering Germans.

Herero Natives retaliate and take back their land.

Now the Germans are pissed and they exterminate the Herero completely.

-Genocide

This means to killing of an entire group.

-The "Frontier"

A. East: Culture and Order

B. West: Nature and Chaos

Colonies believed in Manifest Destiny. Its their destiny to expand across America.

Cultural Ordering of Space also emerged. Its when certain unspoken rules emerge about what you can think about in certain places. You can think about hot girls at parties, but not at church.

This idea was applied to the East (Pretty, civilized, orderly) and the West (wild, savage). It was their job to civilize the West, and purge it of anything of nature. Like Indians and animals.

-Reserves

Land where Indians were forced to relocate to after being kicked off their original land. This reserve land was real crappy for agriculture.

-Indian Removal Act of 1830

Document that kicked off some Indians and moved them into a reserve.

The trip to the reserve was the Trail of Tears, where many died.

Their land taken from them was auctioned off.

-Land Tenure

Privatization of Land v. Corporate Land

Privatized:Individually owned land. Alienable, has no association of ownership to anyone else.

Corporate: Land is associated with the family lineage, past and future and therefore cannot be sold. Inalienable (cannot take away)

-Commodification

State where an object is exchangeable for something else.

It is now a commodity.

Land could be a commodity.

-Alienable and Inalienable

Alienable: No association with anything else.

Inalienable: Has association with something else.

-The Mahele

Document that Hawaii king signed to privatized all Hawaii land, and thus make it sellable to colonizers.

-Rubber Production in the Belgian Congo

A case of labor abuse.

Cars were just made. And rubber was needed.

Companies had natives working to extract rubber from belgian trees.

They held families hostage, cut off body parts of lazy workers. All to get more work done.

-Phosphate Mining on Nauru

Phosphate was in Nauru. Companies mined for it. The mining caused soil degradation.

-Who coined term "Social Darwinism"?

Herbert Spencer

Its natural for the lion to eat the deer.

Just like how its natural for powerful countries to take over little countries.

-Imperialism & the Postcolonial World

Refers to study of the interactions between european nations and societies they colonized after 1800s--or the 2nd half of the 20th century, after colonialism. It was a time used to signify position against imperial eurocentrism.

-BEFORE: economy was all for wealth and making $ for centralized powers

-AFTER: economies are independent and self motivated

-Forms of Imperialism Today:

Loans held over countries are a sign of prestige and wealth and control. If you cannot pay back--its bad.

Post colonies can be divided into:

1. Settler: a lot of European colonists and not a lot of natives (Canada, Australia)

2. Non Settler: more natives, not a lot of settlers India, Malaysia, etc.

3. Mixed: half half : South Africa, Algeria.. etc.

1st World: Capitalist, democratic west (against communism)

2nd World:Communist

3rd World: lesser developed/ raw materials

-FEATURES, CAPITALISM, TROBRIAND: WEALTH

Feature

-Value+ Orientation regarding use of wealth

Capitalism

-Logic of reinvestment/ never ending profit for never ending capital accumulation. MUST ALWAYS GROW.

1. Commodity--> Commodity

-apples for wheat

2. C--> M --> C

-apples--> money--> and then wheat because apples might expire to quickly so get M for it first

3. M--> C--> M

-real estate

Trobriand

-Wealth by redistribution

-Yam house overturns by Chief

-Kayasa

-FEATURES, CAPITALISM, TROBRIAND: Organization of Labor and Production

Feature:

-Organization of Labor and Production

Capitalism:

-Class Structure

-very few ppl have their own huge stocks of capital

-or most, we sell our labor as a commodity

-wages and salary--capacity to do work

***very unusual

Trobriand:

-Kinship and Gender

-Brother grows yam for sister, sister gives to husband

-Husband uses his commodities to get money to get

bundles for wife

-Husbands sister helps wife too

-Hierarchiel Relations of Kinship

-chief turns to kins or clansmen for help for kayasa

-FEATURES, CAPITALISM, TROBRIAND: Control of Means of Production

Feature:

Control of means of production

Capitalism:

-prive ownership

Trobriand:

-Corporate control of land

-Lineage controls land

-Malaysia: Intro to Ang's Book

1. Malaysia

-geography: SE Asia

-Former British Colony

-Now its independent

-'2020 program'

2. Microchip Factories

-Hiring Young, single Malaysian Village Women

-2020 Program

-Program that is attempting to get Malaysia industrialized by year 2020.

-This program brings a lot of change to social structures. Instead of directly commenting on these changes, the people express opinion by talking about the changes it has on the Malay women

-Recent Transformation of Capitalist World Economy:

Routinization of Production and Taylorism

-When you have done the production process so long its super easy for you: robotification, machinery, automation, etc.

-Taylorism: a guy named Taylor created management technique guide; organizing into specific jobs, factory layout, taste, efficiency

-outcome: didn't need skilled labor anymore

-Multi-National Corporations

-Corporations who have expanded and created branches of itself in other countries, where they get cheap labor.

-these countries are in poverty, so they will work even if wages are ridiculously low (Malaysia)

- Capitalist Trends from Past and Present: Periphery

1. Past:

-Core Countries import raw, export goods

-Periphery import goods, export raw

2. Today:

-Routinization and manufacturing done more in periphery

-Special Salience of multinational corporations

-Globality

-Periphery nations compete for the business of multinational corporations (ex: Malaysia vs. Puerto Rico vs. etc...)

-Effects: these countries will then lower taxes, etc to

attract business

-ex: Free Trade Zones

-Free Trade Zones

-Areas where trade and production restrictions are "lifted" and questionable business can be done.

-this is a way for countries to gain business from corporations: it attracts them

-Microchip Factories in Free Trade Zone:

Creating Capitalism in Malaysian Workers //Patriarchy

1. attract young female work force

2. reproduction of patriarchy in the factory

3. unlimited production demands

-Method factories employed to keep the women workers servile. Since they've always been under the thumb of men and fathers, factories tried to make it seem like the male supervisor was the father and the workers were his daughters.

-These factories usually hire single, malaysian village women

-proletarianization (discipline and regulate them)

1. Capitalist Discipline

2. Docile Bodies

3. Hantu

-Why young single women?

1. Keep costs low

-non permanent and temporary workers

-no insurance, raises, bonuses/benefits

-no career development bc no need

2. avoid problems with eye sight and health

-no need to buy for and pay for health

3. can form a patriarchal structure

-all male watchers, all female workers

-naturally, men in their culture as seen as stronger, smarter, in authority--they take this patriarchy from village and recreate it in the factory

-docile to men

-men are like 'fathers' and workers are like daughters--they look out for them. at same time. they are scary and constantly watching--creepy

-Proletarianization

Working class.

When companies train people to make them into efficient workers.

They must also change the workers' views and notions of things, like time.

-Capitalist Discipline AND in the Factory

POWER TARG ETS THE BODY

exercising power over workers--what they do, when, where, exactly what time. Placement of factory workers, where they face--etc.

Power: energy field that operates through a particular system to complete something. WHAT DOES THE POWER DO AND HOW DOES IT DO IT?

ex: power works through an engine to make electricity.

1. Surveillance as a part of the machinery that gets workers to modify their behavior and work more efficiently. Supervisors don't actually have power over the women--they are apart of it.

2. 2 way mirrors: mirror definitely has no power--yet they are part of a mechanism that makes workers work better.

3. random urine tests

4. all the above are very cheap

-Docile Bodies

Teaching women to be servile, like the single village women of Malaysia that are hired into microchip factory

-do what they're told

-Malaysia

This country wants to industrialize by bringing factories and companies into it.

Ultimately, we used to be a British Colony but look at us now.. Malaysia wants to be like us

-Spirits (Hantu)

-Hantu are thought to live in the forests--the same ones displaced by factories

-A believed evil spirit that possess a female worker, which is why she has a nervous breakdown. A shaman must purify the place or else no one wants to come back to work.

-When ppl work too much they think this is why

-Malaysian factories have a lot of people take leaves or close down

Interpretting them:

are women trying to say something by doing this?

-Islam and Adat

Kampong Village adopted this religion a while back.

The village draws its culture from Islam, and its original Kampong culture of old, the Adat. Adat had matriliny.

ADAT: Customary sayings and practices. Enforces: parents supporting children till 15, children looking after parents, children taking care of parents, dependence on womenfolk, and mother-child bonds.

But now, Islam's patriliny took over.

-Dangerous Places

Women can't go outside the village, or else they'll be leaving the "force field of spiritual manliness" and will be vulnerable to spirit possession. Chapel in the factory floor is a dangerous place because no male supervision.

-Who has authority in a Kampong house?

Father

-Stages of Woman's Life

Female threat to Male Spirituality Purity

1. Young Girl/ Virgin: Weakest Stage. Needs male protection and care

2. Sexually Mature Woman. Temping, a threat. Must be kept under control, well clothed, non flirty.

-Married: husband has authority, no longer father.

spiritually stronger, self regulated.

-Divorced: the most dangerous--no man to control.

no category. Perceived badly.

3. Elderly Woman. Spiritually strong as a man. Not temping at all. No supervision needed. Most respected.

Women are a threat to men--use body to tempt. MUST be controlled. Covered in clothing. Do not talk to men outside of family and avoid dangerous places

-Power

Malaysia Women think power is "electrical power and energy".

Everyone else thinks "authority".

-Janda

A widowed or divorced woman. She's the ultimate enemy. A raging storm of temptation with no control valve, no man to tame her--belongs to no category. Cannot be tamed, perceived negatively

-Time in the Kampung vs the Factoryterm-68

Kampung:

Time is passed, its a cyclical thing (sunset, sunrise, four seasons, reincarnation). Wake up, work, go to bed, repeat the cycle. No difference between work time and social time. Socializing is seen as morally right--women would socialize and do chores, men socialize in fields. No clock/ schedule/ fractured day

Time in the Factory:

Time is spent. Time is money. Don't socialize during your work time. Time is linear. Social and work hours divided completely.

-Discipline in the Factory vs Kampong

Factory

-Survalance, double sided mirrors, the clock, constantly watched by men

Kampong

-Dress not slutty, talk only to your men relatives.

-not watched constantly by men (let alone strange men), if anything by female relatives

-not dictated by the clock

-Tyranny of the Clock

-dictates what you do at all times in the factory. Made women follow a schedule

-really stressed them out

-divides social and work time down to the minute

-Fractured Day

When you work in the factory, you have a fractured day, where some parts are spend socializing, and others is not. Work time and social time are now fractured, separated from each other.

-Education, Work

Differences Between Sons and Daughters

Girls: They start out school doing better than boys, but start to fail due to chores piled on them. They're expected to get married, live with husband, start a family.

Boys:Expected to do well in school to get a government job. Lets him avoid getting assigned chores.

-Changes in Authority in the Village

Women are starting to get some leverage in the village households. They are the breadwinners of the family, with their job in the factory. Especially if the son isn't employed yet.

1. Bio-politics (Bio-Power)

2. Constructions of the Oriental Female Body

3. Biological Determinism

1. The idea of making social hierarchy seem like a natural thing based on biological body determinants.

-"Women, you make microchips because your bodies are ideally crafted for the job: nimble fingers and larger butts to sit longer and be patient."

-"Men, you rule society because you're muscular and strong. Your but is smaller, so naturally you're impatient and must be supervisor to walk around."

2. They are made to do this. It is all natural and meant to be. You cannot change your body, you cannot change what you should be doing.

3. You are determined by your biological makeup

4. "power to naturalize"

-Worker Responses to Stress

Female workers respond to stress by:

-Crying

-Having "accidents" on the job

(cuss at supervisor and disguise

it instead)

-Taking a leave for the chapel/ restroom for a break. She gets spirit possessed in there because there are no males to protect them from Hantu.. and they are afterall in a forest

-Intervention Philosophy

Reasoning for a country to conquer another one.

-Great Britain: White Man's burden

-French: Mission Civilisatrice (civilizing mission)

-"Development"

Process where the higher countries try to "help" advance the lower countries. And they make profit while they're at it.

=third world = 'developing countries'

-NeoLiberalism

A type of intervention philosophy; current form of classic economic liberalism; tariff/barrier free international trading, cut costs to get profit (cut labor costs, etc), de-rugulation, trickle down economics

-First, second and third world System of categorizing nations

-ethnocentric

First: democratic west (against communist),

ex) U.S.A.,

Second: Communist, (East Europe and Asia)

ex) Soviet Union, Viet Nam

Third: less developed nations

ex) Mexico, India, Venezuela, Ghana,

-Communism

communism(not capitalized): social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for common good

Communism (capitalized): political movement with doctrine to overthrow capitalism. Originated from Russian Bolshevik Union--today only five countries exist. Inspired by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Authoritarian (obedience, not freedom), and totalitarian (a complete area was submissive to it)

-Capitalism

Economic system in which you invest your money to make even more money.

-Totalizing

-AVOID THIS:

the act of generalizing and misrepresenting; to look at a whole system 'X, Y, and Z' and to only represent it as 'X'

-there are a lot of logics used in our economy--different ways of looking at things

ex) large companies + charities.. they have their reasons

ex) Bill Gates wasn't always about charity

-Kampung (village)

Word for village in Malaysia

-Rural Malay Gender Constructions

-What the Kampung do now, where men are the superiors, and women are lower.

Men control the families financially, but the women dominate domestic affairs. Boys enjoy privileged statuses, where girls must work and are thus made to be more compliant--which microchip factories then use to their advantage. Women use gender constructs to make their supervisors treat them in more familiar fashions, they exploit their "spiritual weakness" by pretending to be possessed. They also use prayer and female problems to avoid work.

-Unlimited Production Demands

Factories always need to make max output of product.

-Public Perceptions of Female Factory Workers

-In response of the 2020 and all the changes the program has, people would indirectly respond/comment to the changes by talking about how women are effected

-Viewed that the women factory workers are like whores

and morally sinful--leaving the town, strutting bodies, pleasure seeking, 'Bebas'

-these opinions are not actually true--they are just public perceptions

-When women start to work in the factories, women no longer undergo the women life cycle (young, sexually mature, elder)

-they are no longer in a CATEGORY; they are un-contained, and become problematic

-like the JANDA: the worst of all women types

-Women worker responses to negative impression

-women would work all day, super hard, come home and be perceived as a ***** (completely false). Why?

-They counter these perceptions of moral obscenity by becoming Hyper Islamic (extreme)--the perfect purest thing a girl can be

-Be the perfect Malay Muslim young woman

-Driven these women to self regulate and be agents of own discipline

-yet they become more vulnerable to Hantu and spirit possession bc weak spirituality

-Bebas

-Term for girls in the village who were like real whores, prostitutes, hookers.

-Hegemony

State of affairs when power relations in society is natural, god given--a natural hierarchy. Like that in heaven, King is appointed by pope, aka God. Shouldn't question that.

-people in such a society thus accept such power relations and do not try to change them

-ensures such relations continue day after day, year after year, generation after generation

"SOCIAL REPRODUCTION"

-Discourse

1. Hegemonic Discourse

2. Counter Hegemonic Discourse

A communicated message regarding what's true.

1. Hegemonic Discourse: a message that is true--concerning what is being accepted/ what is the status quo at the time. It would be silly to ask why?

ex: Europe used to have a discourse about the 'Divine Right of Kings': the hierarchy in heaven (God--> angels--> etc) is mirrored on earth (Kings--> Barons--> etc..) and God put the king in power, ruling by divine right. When the king dies, the son moves up and the throne continues.

2. Counter Hegemonic Discourse: going against the hegemonic discourse--very risky; revolutionary.

Ex) storming the bastille

-to remain safe, this type of discourse usually operates underground.

-a.k.a. public + hidden transcript

-Public and Hidden Transcript

Public: You're nice to the slavemaster in public.

Hidden: You are really pissed off at the slavemaster in secret when he is away.

-This is used as a secretive way to carry out countering hegemonic discourse.

-Social Reproduction

How hegemony is passed on from people to people. The more people who believe it, the more it seems true, and so it never changes from day to day, from generation to generation.

- Applied Anthropology

-uses anthropological perspectives, theory, methods and data to identify, assess and solve problems. They employ things such as ethnography.

-It makes anthropology useful

-Developmental, Educational, medical, business, careers

-Underdifferentiation

When the same process can be applied to different countries and people.

Tendency to view the lesser developed as all the same without considering the cultural variation that actually exists

-Globalization

Everyone is linked to everyone

-world that is interconnected

ex: Americans watch KOREAN dramas

-everyday we deal with cultural diversity

-attempt for international bank, etc to make a Global economy

-corporations work across all borders

-Diaspora

Dispersing a group culture across a wide area, in order to separate them.

Offspring of an area who have spread out to many areas

-Cultural Imperialism

Taking a culture away and enforcing your own upon a group.

-Indigenizing Popular Culture

Taking an idea or a thing, and modifying/adjusting it to fit another culture's context.

-Postmodernism in Anthro

A style of movement and architecture that succeeded modernism.

-describes our time and situation--rejecting rules, order and austerity of modernism.

-messy--more playful--traditional standards, contrasts, groups, boundaries, identities are being opened up and broken down.

-blurring of established rules, etc

-people today are on the move--used to taking on multiple identities and different cultures.

Medical Disclosure and Gender

...

-Science's use of Metaphors for Egg and Sperm//Emily Martin

-Anything describing sperm sounds masculine, muscular, manly, active and freshly produced

-Anything describing eggs sounds gentle, soft, passive, 'aging' and wasting

-Sperm does all the work--it is the approacher, the active part... is not wasted.

-Egg is lazy, stays there, is wasted in periods.

It is described as the uterine's debris.

-Sperm must force itself into egg--they do not act mutually. But in fact they do.

PERSONALITIES OF heroic males and damsel in distress females are brought into the context of reproductive organs.

-The Data: Egg and Sperm Production

-men make 2 trillion, while women start with 7 million but degenerate in the ovaries until only 300k exist at puberty

-women 'waste' 300-400 in period, while men 'waste' 1 trillion--yet women are seen as more wasteful

-The Data: Fertilization

IN REALITY, sperm is very weak, moving only side to side and having to release enzymes to digest the eggs zona. The egg allows the sperm in, latches and holds onto the sperm and LETS it enter. People did not want to believe this because this made the 'sperm' seem weaker. After this discovery, sperm were still looked at to be stronger.

-Constructions of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Massive amounts of sperm created daily, whereas women's eggs are finished at birth. Eggs are degenerating/aging. Women's systems considered unproductive and wasteful. Passive egg v. aggressive sperm.

-Cult of Invalidism

Working women can work and not spend all day in be because they use their brain less and thus have more energy in their body. They also should not use up a lot of energy because their menstrual cycle takes up a lot of it. It was important for the development of the female organs. They used to think you could 'die' if you didn't.

-Research and Economic Cycles

PMS and Menstruation // Emily Martin

-Women can't work or hold high position jobs, or else they'll have PMS, and have a mental breakdown and freak out, send missiles flying.

-they CAN, however, do lowly factory jobs bc they don't use their brain as much

-During WWII, men go off to war, women take over their jobs because they absolutely needed to. All of a sudden, PMS wasn't a problem.

-After the war, men come back, want their jobs back, kick women out of their jobs, using PMS as an excuse AGAIN. There is a problem AFTER ALL.

-Menstruation in Cross Cultural Perspective

-Ivory Coast

-Yurok

Ivory Coast: Women can't do normal routine some days. On some days they'd have to eat a special palm nuts and ate it with a circle of their close friends. A cultural thing to deal with PMS.

Yurok: When girls have PMS in Yurok, they are considered to be enlightened and more knowledgeable. They got special powers, be with nature to contemplate their lives and meditate to find purpose in life. You can ask them for advice. People approach them in praise.

America: Period is not really spoken about, mentioned, glorified. For the most part is it low-key.

Discipline in work place

Discipline in house

PMS can be the fault of why a husband is failing at work (stressed bc wife's PMS) and also for why the household is not stable.

-Sudden clumsiness. Rejection of tedious child-rearing and domestication. Constant emphasis on efficiency.

-Loss of ability regarding concentration, emphasis on routine work. Society structures jobs w/ no skill to be tedious and have no room for advancement. Thus, PMS reflects lack of tolerance towards this structure.

-PMS// Emily Martin

Women got PMS, and thus limited energy. Don't stress them too much, let them stay in bed all day, else they'll die. "oh her poor nerves" (related to cult of invalidism)

-viewed as a thing to 'suffer' from

-a real illness caused from the 'malfunctioning' of progesterone / estrogen

-Same view as AANG in that women use this to benefit them (have something to blame for their abnormal behavior) but support the theory that they are weak , all at the same time.

-PMS and Gender Roles

-PMS as reaction to gender roles.

-Guilt caused by PMS, no time for creativity due to family. No chance for isolation due to familial role. Anger finally comes to fruition, but is then blamed for men's responses.

-PMS: Flaws of Women or Society?

-pms is a flaw in society, a cultural construct that is seen as a bad thing. it can be looked at entirely differently in other cultures and therefore is a flaw in out society that is seen in a negative light.

-Spirit Possession and PMS as Resistance// AANG

Situation: women are overly stressed and overly scrutinized. Everything they do can be wrong. They cannot strike bc government will not allow it. Something's always wrong--yet they cannot help themselves or fix it. "Can't put a finger on it"

Use hidden transcript to secretly express frustration:

1. They would be cussing at a supervisor but disguise it with saying it was bc they dropped something.

2. Spirit Possession:

A "spirit possession" could shut down a factory for a few days. Women realize this, and they 'resist' by shutting down the factory--yet they USE hegemonic discourse (the 'truth' that they are spiritually weak and easily possessed without men), and there fore reproduce this idea.

2 messages:

1. SOMETHINGS WRONG AND WE ARE TRYING TO TELL YOU SOMETHINGS WRONG. (countering discourse)

2. WE ARE SPIRITUALLY WEAK AND GET POSSESSED W/O MEN SO WATCH US!!

(continuing and reproducing hegemonic discourse)

ANG is basically writing: Women are pulling the sword out of the 'rock' of hegemonic discourse and wielding it to benefit them. This sword, however, is double sided and cut both ways.

PMS:

Women "not themselves" during menstruation. Spirit possession a way for the marginalized to manipulate superiors and express dissatisfaction.

Some women describe PMS as a possession as well.

***both culturally appropriate forms of resistance however, though by showing resistance it also reproduces the same power relationship by saying women can't contorl their bodies and men can.

***Ang and Emily Martin have parallel views in that women help and don't help themselves at the same time

Both sets of women politically disadvantaged by domination of men over political sphere. Women must be subversive and use hidden transcripts. Malay women even use "female problems" as part of their resistance. They have not been effecti

1. Discuss two different ways used by colonial powers to direct and control the labor of colonized peoples other than direct coercive methods such as slavery. In other words, how did British, German, and other colonial administrations in the 19th and 20th centuries get conquered peoples to work for them in ways short of direct use of force?

Black birding

Transcription

Pay taxes in correct currency--they would have to work and sell stuff to obtain currency. Once currency obtained, take their stuff away and offer them a cheap job. they have no choice but to accept.

2. Discuss how the cultural ordering of space implicit in the concept of the "frontier" made acts of genocide against Native Americans conceivable.

The Frontier was seen in two ways-- the East or the West. In the East, where all the colonization had already occurred, was seen as orderly and proper and superior (as it was ran by Britain as its colonies). The Frontier in the West, in the other hand, was not yet colonized, and therefore seen as savage and in need of intervention. This idea is known as the White Man's Burden--the native americans needed the help of the white man to become more orderly.

3. Anthropological theory first emerged in the context of Western European colonialism. Give specific examples indicating how anthropological theory in the 19th and 20th centuries legitimated or disguised colonialism.

It was the colonizing powers that first sent anthropologists out to these native peoples to learn more about them. They usually approached them with an air of arrogance and superiority--they truly believed they were not equals but better. The idea of the White Mans Burden was a widely believed thought in the Western European colonial movement. They thought that what they were doing was right and correct, and that they were actually helping these peoples. Although they didn't realize they were taking over, conquering and coercing government on these people, they did so thinking they were assisting these people.

-scientific racism

-unilinear evolutionism as theoretical backbone of whitens burden

-and social darwinism--it is all natural

4. What kinds of shifts in global production have occurred in the Capitalist World System over the past few decades, what factors have been behind these shifts, and how have both large corporations in the world's industrial centers and less industrialized nations like Malaysia tried to take advantage of these shifts? Be sure to describe the different structural positions in the Capitalist World System in the course of your answer.

explain periphery, semi periphery and core.

In the older Capitalist world system, periphery classified areas would be the main supplier of raw materials for core level states to import. finished manufactured would be exported to these third world countries instead.

Today, these roles have shifted dramatically. The third world and periphery countries are now widely utilized as good manufacturing areas by multi national corporations. This is taken advantage of by both the coropration and the less industrialized nation as a way to be more lucrative and less stringent on the way they treat workers. Malaysia is also taking advantage because they want to become advanced and industrialized by 2020, so by engaging in it they accelerate this process.

also in malaysia: taylorism and routinsm