APUSH FALL EXAM REVIEW

PERIOD 1: 1491-1607

Columbian Exchange

• NA → Europe: Tobacco, pumpkin, squash, potato, corn, beans, vanilla, etc.)

• Europe → NA: Disease, livestock, onion, sugarcane, coffee, etc.)

• Increased trade and food production around the world, but brought disease and slavery to the New World.

Encomienda system

• A labor system created by the Spanish, where the Spanish would protect Native Americans in return for them providing resources. The Spanish viewed themselves as inferior to the Natives, and they forced labor and their religion on them.

Differences in treatment of Native Americans (Juan de Sepulveda, Bartolome de Las Casas):

• Las Casas treated the Native Americans as fully human and human beings who had to be treated equally.

• Sepulveda believed that they were barbarous and that they committed crimes against natural laws.

PERIOD 2: 1607-1754

Similarities and differences between the New England and Chesapeake colonies

• New England colonies had a harsh climate and rocky soil, making it difficult to farm, while The Chesapeake colonies had moist soil, which allowed them to grow a lot of tobacco. In New England, religion was very important, but in the Chespeake colonies, agriculture was what dominated.

• Both of them came to the New World for freedom and wealth, and they had a good economy built on strong trading systems.

Massachusetts Bay colony (John Winthrop, “city upon a hill”)

• John Winthrop was the 1st governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, a settlement of Puritans who fled from religious persecution and aimed to build a religious community.

• “city on a hill”- John meant that this group of puritans will be looked up to.

Religious toleration in colonies (Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Act of Toleration)

• Regions that were tolerated: Catholics, baptists, Jews, Presbyterians, Quakers, Calvinists, Pietists, and Huguenots.

• Roger Williams- “Religion should not be subject to the government, it should be an individual freedom.” He allowed people to practice their religions freely in Rhode Island.

• Anne Hutchinson- A feminist religious leader in Massachusetts who challenged the Puritan traditions and would speak and preach to men and women.

• Act of Toleration- A law granted in Maryland that gave religious freedom to all Christians and protected them from people who discriminated against their beliefs.

Bacon’s Rebellion – cause, impact on slavery

• Bacon’s rebellion was sparked by governor Berkeley’s refusal to drive Native Americans out of Virginia like Bacon requested. Bacon and his followers then attacked the Natives.

• Key Players: Governor William Berkeley and Nathaniel Bacon

• Since the rebellion failed, African slavery increased and blacks/whites became more separated. It also failed to overturn order in the colony.

Role of the Enlightenment

• It was a major intellectual movement in the 18th century. It emphasized reason, science, and critical thinking over traditional authority. It promoted ideas like individual liberty, religious tolerance, and the concept of a social contract.

PERIOD 3: 1754-1800

Effects of Seven Years War (French & Indian War)--British relationship with colonies

• France ceded Canada to Britain and Britain dominated India.

• Britain gained a lot of territory, and they started moving more British soldiers to the colonies. It was expensive to do that, so they began taxing colonists, and the colonists were not happy about it.

Albany Plan of Union/Join or Die cartoon

• The Albany Plan for Union was a plan to unify all 13 colonies under one centralized government, but it failed. The “Join or Die” cartoon was a picture of a snake broken into 13 pieces to represent the colonies if they don’t unify.

Pontiac’s Rebellion/Proclamation Act 1763

• Pontiac’s Rebellion was when Indian tribes came together, with Pontiac leading them, to fight against the colonists trying to take over their western land.

• The proclamation of 1763 was a result of Pontiac’s Rebellion and was Britain’s law that banned colonists from moving westward past the Appalachian mountains and fighting with Native Americans.The colonists ignored this law and continued to move west.

Stamp Act 1765/Stamp Act Congress/boycotts

• The Stamp Act was when Britain placed taxes on legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc, in order to raise money to keep British soldiers in the colonies.

• It affected all of the colonists, so they sent a list of grievances to the King, but he ignored it. This led them to start a boycott, separating the colonists into the sons and daughters of liberty.

• 9 of the 10 colonies met for the Stamp Act Congress, where they started a petition for the repeal of the stamp act.

John Dickinson & Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

• John Dickinson wrote a series of letters that were published in newspapers to protest the townshend acts, which put more taxes on imported goods, and said that they were illegal because they raised revenue.

Thomas Paine & Common Sense*

• The purpose of Thomas Paine’s common sense pamphlet was to let the colonists know that it is absurd to have an island across the ocean governing America, and that it wasn’t common sense and they needed to fight for independence.

Key characteristics of the Declaration of Independence

• The principles of the Declaration of Independence are that all men are created equal and have natural rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness, and the government is required to protect these rights. The ideas in the declaration of independence came from the enlightenment.

Effects of the Revolution on women (republican motherhood)

• Women participated in boycotts against British taxation by homespinning clothing and other products, so colonists wouldn’t depend on getting goods from England.

• The daughters of liberty were created in protest of the stamp act and townshend acts and organized boycotts, with an overall goal of fighting for independence.

• Republican motherhood can be defined as mothers raising their children in republican ideas and it gave women more purpose in society.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• established a government for the Northwest Territory and mainly outlined the process of admitting new states

Key disputes & compromises at Constitutional Convention

• disputes: representation in Congress, state vs federal powers, executive power, slavery, and Congress

• compromises: the Great Compromise, the 3/5ths compromise, and the Commerce Compromise

Anti Federalists' arguments & demands

• argument: strong central government would undermine states’ rights and individual liberties

• demand: Bill of Rights to protect individual freedoms

Federalists vs Democratic-Republican arguments

• federalists: (Alexander Hamilton); strong central government and loose interpretation of the constitution, allied with Great Britain

• democratic-republicans: (Thomas Jefferson); states’ rights and strict interpretation of the constitution; allied with France

Alien & Sedition Acts 1798

• four laws passed by Congress, made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens and allowed for imprisonment of those who criticized the government

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (compact theory- states’ rights, nullification)

• written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, which is compact theory

Washington’s Farewell Address

• warned against political parties, foreign alliances, and sectionalism; promoted unity and caution around foreign policy.

PERIOD 4: 1800-1848

Marshall Court - Marbury v. Madison/judicial review-

• The Marshall court was a series of landmark rulings; Chief John Marshall was in charge of these decisions and they built his legacy. In the Marbury vs Madison case, Marshall rules against Marbury and states the Judiciary Act of 1796 as unconstitutional, which was the first time congress ruled anything as unconstitutional.

• This led to the establishment of judicial review, which is a system that ensures no part of the federal government gains too much power.

Tecumseh/Battle of Tippecanoe

• This was between the American Forces and Native Americans. The Native Americans were led by Tecumseh, and American forces wered led by Henry Harrison. The Americans won, and because of this, the Natives allied with Britain during the War of 1812.

Henry Clay’s American System

• An economic system created to promote nationalism and support the federal government. It consisted of the protective tariff of 1816 on imported goods, the opening of the 2nd bank of the US, and improvements, such as canals and roads, paid for by the federal government.

• It balanced the economy and industry of the US, all while supporting nationalism and bringing unity among the people.

Early examples of transportation

• Steamboats

• Canals

• Railroads

Eli Whitney/invention of the cotton gin/effect of the cotton gin on slavery

• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. It drastically decreased the amount of time needed to separate cotton seeds from the fiber.

• As cotton became easier and quicker to produce, though, there became a higher demand for slaves.

Market revolution (industrialization, specialization, rise of corporations)

• Marked the transition from Americans working in the countryside as farmers to working in cities in factories.

• Industrialization: National road, railroads, canals, steamboat, interchangeable parts, factory system, cotton gin, spinning machine, etc.

• Specialization: people began working in factories and the north’s foundation was built on production and trade.

• Rise of Corporations: because of the technological advancements happening, small businesses grew and large businesses expanded into other countries.

Missouri Compromise

• A compromise was made regarding admitting Missouri as a slave state into the US. The compromise stated slavery would be permitted in Missouri and the states that would be occupied due to westward expansion would be free states with no slavery.

Jackson & the Bank War

• Jackson distrusted the bank because he believed that it overran states’ rights, as well as being controlled by too few wealthy private citizens (power that could be used against government), and did not support the common man/citizen

• Jackson declared war on the bank, and took many measures to try and kill it, first by vetoing a bill to recharter the bank and then by decentralizing it by withdrawing money from it and giving it to the states

• post bank war banking in the US returned to being separated from the central government.

Jacksonian Era Reforms (abolition, temperance, women’s rights, prison/mental illness)

• Abolition: Cause: brutality of slavery and its increased visibility, ideas brought forth from the second great awakening. Effect: increased friction between the north and south states because of differing views of slavery. Leaders: Frederick Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison, and Sojourner Truth.

• Education: Cause: emergence of manufacturing, inequality between social classes, and ineffectiveness of the current system. Effects: increased equality within the education system, more people were able to get educated. Leaders: Horace Man and John Dewey.

• Mental Illness: Cause: mental health patients in hospitals were being extremely mistreated, unhealthy living conditions, ect. Effects: better conditions for people with differences, mental health hospitals instead of being sent to prison. Leaders: Dorothea Dix

• Temperance: Causes: the second great awakening of new ideas and the changes in society/workplaces due to the industrial revolution. Effects: the consumption of alcohol and liquor decreased significantly. Leaders: Women crusaders and middle-class Protestants.

• Women’s Rights: Causes: women couldn’t own property, had to submit to husbands, couldn’t vote. Effects: women gained the right to vote, child mortality rates decreased, and more women began to work. Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony.

Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

• The Seneca Falls Convention was the first American women’s rights convention and it launched the women's suffrage movement in the US. It led to the Declaration of Sentiments which asserted the women were equal to men and had the same rights.

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton formulated the first organized demand for woman suffrage in the United States. She was the leading activist-intellectual of the nineteenth-century movement that demanded women’s rights (like education, property, a voice, etc.).

• Lucretia Mott was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She dedicated her life to speaking out about what she believed in. In 1866, she became the first president of the American Equal Rights Association (organization to achieve equality for African Americans and women)

PERIOD 5: 1848-1877

Manifest destiny – meaning, goals, government action

• Meaning: It was an idea that the United States was destined by God to expand its territory/boundaries westward to settle the entire continent.

• Goals: Expand the US across the entire North American continent, spread democracy, and to “civilize” (aka remove) the native population.

• Government Action: Indian Removal Act of 1830(force NA from their land and Trail of Tears), Boarding schools (for NA), Annexation of Texas, and acquisition of new territories

Effects of the Mexican American War

US:

• The US gained a vast territory including California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

• This acquisition of territory field debates about slavery expansion, increased sectional tensions within the US, and left a lasting legacy of distrust between the two nations

Mexico:

• major loss of territory, political instability, national trauma

Bleeding Kansas & the Caning of Charles Sumner

• Bleeding Kansas: period of violent conflict over the Kansa Territory; pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces fought over whether Kansa would enter the Union was a slave state or a free state, fueled by the Kansa Nebraska Act (which allowed popular sovereignty to decide the issue)

• The Caning of Charles Sumner: Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina violently attacked Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts using a walking cane because Sumner had harshly criticized slavery and personally insulted a relative of Brooks in his speech.

Dred Scott decision

• This was a landmark Supreme Court ruling that declared enslaved people, like Dred Scott, were not considered citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court. It basically stated that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, which invalidated the Missouri Compromise and escalated tensions.

Emancipation Proclamation

• This was a document signed by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, that declared the freedom of enslaved people in the Confederate states.

13th, 14th & 15th amendments

• 13th: Abolished slavery in all US states.

• 14th: It guaranteed equal citizenship and treatment for all races.

• 15th: It allowed all male citizens of the US, no matter their race, color, or ethnicity, to vote.

Freedmen's Bureau – role, success?

• Role: This was a federal agency that helped formerly enslaved people and impoverished whites in the post-Civil War era with things like providing necessities, establishing schools, helping reunite family, legalize marriages, supervise labor contracts, register voters, document violence, set up a banking system, etc.

• Success?: It is generally considered to have largely failed because of obstacles like widespread Southern resistance (racial violence), lack of funding, and political interference (by President Andrew Johnson).

Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln, Johnson)

• This was the period of Reconstruction in the US led by President Andrew Johnson after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson offered a pardon to all Southern whites except wealthy planters and Confederate leaders, restoring their political rights and all property except slaves. He outlined new state governments. Black codes were enacted, which did not give African Americans freedom again.

Congressional Reconstruction, Reconstruction Acts 1867, Radical Republicans

• Congressional Reconstruction: a period of the post-Civil war era in the US that lasted from 1867 to 1877. Congress passed a series of acts that divided the former

• Confederacy into 5 military districts and established requirements for the states to rejoin the Union, new governments were established based on manhood suffrage, amendments 13th, 14th, and 15th.

• Reconstruction Acts 1867: series of laws that outlined the process for the former Confederate states to rejoin the Union after the Civil War. (divide into 5 military districts, grant voting rights to Black men, ratify 14th amendment, protected voting rights and safety of African American, limited rights of former officials)

• Radical Republicans: called themselves “Radicals” and strongly believed in the opposition of slavery; they made efforts to emancipate enslaved people and give them civil rights.

Black codes in South

• laws enacted by Southern states immediately after the Civil War, designed to restrict the freedom of formerly enslaved people, essentially attempting to maintain a system of control over African Americans by limiting what they can do; this was seen as a circumvention of the 13th amendment and was largely repealed during the Reconstruction era due to their discriminatory nature.

Ku Klux Klan, “white redeemers”

• white supremacist hate group that used violence against African Americans and their allies during Reconstruction (and after) to promote their idea of white supremacy.

Impeachment of President Johnson, Tenure of Office Act 1867

• Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act by trying to remove the secretary of war (Edwin Stanton), without the Senate approval; he was impeached in 1868.

-Tenure of Office Act: restrict the power of presidents to get rid of people in certain offices without the Senate’s approval.

Election of 1876

• The candidates were Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (democrat), and Rutherford B. Hayes won the election.

• one of the most disputed elections of American history.

Compromise of 1877

• (aka the Corrupt Bargain); it was an informal, unwritten political deal that effectively ended the Reconstruction era.

PERIOD 6: 1865-1898

Robber Barons (Carnegie, Vanderbilt, etc)

• Robber Barons (like Andrew Carnegie and Corneluis Vanderbuilt) were powerful industrialists from the late 19th century who obtained great wealth from exploiting workers and manipulating markets to create monopolies.

Monopolies/Trusts

• Monopoly: it is a business that controls an entire industry or sector of the economy, including prices. It is not good because whoever has control would be able to manipulate it however they want.

• Trusts: It is a legal arrangement that combines multiple businesses in the same industry under a single set of trustees, limiting competition.

Politics of the Gilded Age

• The politics were corrupt including things like patronage and the spoils system. There were also shady political compromises and backroom deals. (EX: compromise of 1877)

Innovation during the Gilded Age

• Railroad (expanded it and made it better)(transcontinental railroad was finished during this time)

• Telephone

• Typewriter

• Lightbulb

• Phonograph