APUSH FALL EXAM REVIEW

Columbian Exchange

The significant exchange of goods, crops, and diseases between the New World and Europe after Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda system

A labor system where Spanish colonizers exploited Native Americans for resources, claiming to protect them in return.

Bacon’s Rebellion

An uprising in Virginia (1676) led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley’s policies, resulting in increased racial tensions and a rise in African slavery.

Albany Plan of Union

A proposal to unify the 13 colonies under one centralized government, which ultimately failed.

Stamp Act 1765

A British law imposing taxes on legal documents and printed materials in the colonies that sparked widespread protest.

Thomas Paine & Common Sense

A pamphlet advocating for independence from Britain, arguing it was illogical for an island to govern a continent.

Republican motherhood

The idea that women had a role in raising their children to be virtuous citizens in a republic, granting them a greater purpose in society.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement to admit Missouri as a slave state while maintaining a balance between slave and free states.

Dred Scott decision

A Supreme Court ruling that declared enslaved people were not citizens and Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal agency established to assist formerly enslaved individuals with services like education, legal aid, and employment.

Black codes

Laws enacted in the South after the Civil War to restrict the freedoms of African Americans and maintain a system of control.

Robber Barons

Powerful 19th-century industrialists who amassed wealth by exploiting workers and creating monopolies.

Monopoly

A market structure where a single company or entity controls an entire industry, limiting competition.

Gilded Age politics

Characterized by corruption, patronage, and backroom deals; marked by inequality and power struggles.

Henry Clay’s American System

An economic plan that aimed to promote nationalism through protective tariffs, banking, and infrastructure improvement.

Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe

A conflict between American forces and Native Americans led by Tecumseh, culminating in Native American alliances with Britain.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing enslaved people in Confederate states, a pivotal moment in the Civil War.

13th, 14th, & 15th amendments

Constitutional amendments that abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship and equal protection, and protected voting rights.

Election of 1876

One of the most disputed elections in U.S. history, resulting in the compromise that ended Reconstruction.