AP Geo Unit 2

population distribution

where people live within a geographic area affects cultural, political, and environmental aspects

climate

long term patterns of weather in an area that affects the population distribution

temperate climate

has moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

landforms

natural features of earth’s surface

population density

number of people occupying a unit of land

arithmetic density

number of people/ per unit of land

physiological density

population/land for crops

arable land

land used for growing crops

agricultural density

farmers/ per unit of arable land

subsistence agriculture

providing crops and livestock for only the farmer’s family and close community

carrying capacity

maximum population size an environment can sustain

dependency ratio

number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or 65+) divided by working class (15-65) multiplied by 100

sex ratio

represents the proportion of males to females in a population

Ex. 101:100

demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

fertility

ability to produce children, influences the population

crude birth rate (CBR)

number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

total fertility rate (TFR)

average number of children 1 woman can have during her childbearing years in a given country

mortality

deaths as a component of population change

crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths of a given population per year per 1,000 people

infant mortality rate (IMR)

number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

life expectancy

average number of years a person is expected to live

population pyramid

show the age-sex distribution of a given population and shows if the population is growing rapidly, growing slowly, or in decline

rate of natural increase (RNI or NIR)

difference between the CBR and CDR

ecumene

area of earth suitable for humans

doubling time

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double

doubling time formula

70/RNI = doubling time

urbanization

the growth and development of cities

neo-malthusian

earth’s resources can only support a certain population and they believe in birth control (contraceptives)

malthus’s theory

the population will continue to grow and the resources will remain steady. There will be a crisis, and then the resources won’t be able to keep up with the population causing a food shortage.

demographic transition model

represents the shifts in growth that the world’s population have undergone, are still experiencing, and over time

epidemiological transition model

describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution as the result of changes in causes of death

antinatalist

don’t want people to have children

pronatalist

want people to have children

land degradation

long term damage to the soil’s ability to support life

mobility

all types of movement from one location to another (both temporary and permanent)

circulation

temporary repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

human migration

people moving from 1 place to another permanently

emigration

moving away from a location

immigration

moving to a location

net migration

the number of immigrants - the number of emigrants

gravity model

as the population of a city increases, migration to the city increases, and as the distance to the city grows, migration to the city decreases

push factor

push people away from places, or negative things that cause people to leave places

cultural lag

culture takes time to catch up with technology

pull factors

pull people to places, or positive things that attract someone to a place

voluntary migration

people choosing to move to a new place

forced migration

people are forced to move because of economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

transnational migration

people returning to their home country because of cultural, emotional, and financial connections and may regularly return

internal migration

movement within a country’s borders

friction of distance

the longer a journey is the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

transhumance

nomads who migrate herd between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the winter

chain migration

people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

step migration

smaller moves to get to a destination

intervening obstacle

an occurrence that holds migrants back

intervening opportunity

a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one

guest workers

migrants who travel to a new country as temporary workers

circular migration

when migrant workers move back and forth between their home country and the country they temporarily work at

refugee

people who are forced to leave their country for fear of persecution or death

asylum

the right to protection in a new country

internally displaced persons

people who were forced to flee their homes but remain within the country’s borders

human trafficking

victims are sold into labor, domestic servitude, or sexual exploitation

repatriate

refugees returning to their home country

interregional migration

moving from one region of the country to another

ex. moving from Texas to Minnesota

intraregional migration

movement within one region of a country

ex. moving from st. cloud to minneapolis

quota

limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the country in a year

kinship links

networks of relatives and friends that lead migrants to settle in the same places as those who migrated before them

remittance

money earned by emigrants that they sent to their home countries

brain drain

loss of trained or educated people because they decide to work in a richer country

relocation diffusion

spread of ideas or culture through migration

industrial revolution

industrialization started in Britain in the 18th century and spread to other countries in western Europe and North America in the 19th century

Thomas Malthus

came up with the malthusian theory

medical revolution

medical technology invented Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer counties in Latin America, Asia, and Africa