Chapter 6 - Mercantilism and Colonial Wars

Restoration

• Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell under a dictatorship
• 1660 - Exiled son of Charles I ascends to throne as Charles II
• ^^Under Charles II + James II, Britain had heavy control over colonies^^

Salutary Neglect

• 1660-1763
• The Glorious Revolution marked the end of the French + Indian War
• Created colonies for business ventures and/or religious refuges
• Included colonies’ self-gov’t + protected rights
• More control in the future would eventually lead to resistance and the American Revolution

Mercantilism

• Nations are in competition (economic rivals = natural enemies)
• Ensured a favorable balance of trade
• ^^Colonists gave raw goods to Britain + bought manufactured goods from Britain^^
  • Benefited Britain
• Limited colonial economy + created dependence

Navigation Acts

• 1651, 1660
• Charles II created new colonial control policies
• Because ONLY British merchants could ship goods, there was high revenue for Britain
• Colonists avoided compliance

Dominion of New England

• ^^Enforced tight bureaucratic control^^
• Created by James II + led by Edmund Andros
• Ended by Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

• 1688-1689
• English citizens rejected James II + overthrew him
• Put William and Mary on the throne

Georgia

• 1733 - Founded by James Oglethorpe to reform British debtor prisons
• Because it was a penal colony, it was expendable
• ^^Served as a buffer colony b/w Britain + Spain’s territories^^
• Unsuccessful as an alternate source of silk

Leisler’s Rebellion

• 1689 - Jacob Leisler + New York merchants rebel against aristocracy
• Showed American colonists’ distaste of European political structures

Bacon’s Rebellion

• ^^1676 - William Berkeley refused to help colonists in danger of Native American attacks, which angered Nathaniel Bacon^^
• Bacon + other colonists attacked Native Americans + burned Jamestown
• Showed that American frustration w/ British mismanagement would eventually led to violence

French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)

• Climax of conflicts b/w Britain, France, Spain
• War started in 1754
• Britain + Iroquois Native Americans vs. France + Huron Native Americans
• 1763 - Treaty of Paris (France cedes land to Britain)
• New taxes on American colonists to pay for war

Albany Plan of Union

• Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754
• ^^A central gov’t would unify the colonies + make it easier to coordinate defenses against the Native Americans + French attacks^^
• Unpopular
• “Join, or Die.”

Fort Duquesne

• French + Indian War
• George Washington attacked fort twice
• Fell to the British in 1758
• Renamed Fort Pitt (after William Pitt)
• 3 rivers + city of Pittsburgh

Battle of Quebec

• ^^Represented the climax of French and Indian War^^
• General Wolfe assaulted the fortress from behind + inflicted many French casualties
• France surrendered Canada in 1760

William Pitt

• Continued formation of British empire
• Served as Secretary of State of British empire in 1756
• Rallied anti-French support
• Helped Britain during French + Indian War

Molasses Act

• 1733
• Hated by American colonists
• ^^Colonists were only allowed to sell sugar to Britain^^
• Resulted in more smuggling

George III

• 1760 - Came to power during French + Indian War
• Extended firmer control over British colonists (abused power)

Proclamation of 1763

• 1763
• Britain didn’t use standing army to protect colonists (eventually resulting in Pontiac’s Rebellion)
• Colonists couldn’t settle past Appalachian Mts. (couldn’t expand into Ohio River Valley)
• ^^Colonists defied British authority because they were hungry for land^^

Paxton Boys

• Scots-Irish frontiersmen
• Marched to Philadelphia in 1764
• Disliked Quakers because they did not use violence to defend against Native Americans

Land Fever

• ^^Expanding west would relieve tensions in Coastal Plain (problems caused by soil depletion + population growth)^^
• Faced Native American attacks + harsh conditions

Daniel Boone

• Personified westward expansion
• Led settlers west in 1775
• Led frontier militia + position in colonial gov’t

Regulator Movement

• 1768 - Uprising in North Carolina
• ^^Scots-Irish protested concentration of power in coastal regions^^

Green Mountain Boys

• Formed in Vermont in 1770
• Militia group of frontiersmen + land speculators
  • Unsatisfied w/ East, wanted freedom in West
• Militia force in American Revolution

Zenger Trial

• ^^Represented freedom of the press^^
• 1735 - John Peter Zenger not charged for slander
  • Proved that if criticism of royal governor is TRUE, it can be printed in newspapers

Patrick Henry

• 1763 - Calls King George III a tyrant
• Lawyer + orator in House of Burgesses
• Parson’s Cause
• “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
• 1787 - Didn’t like centralization of power in Constitutional Convention

BIG PICTURE

• Evolving British philosophies → Impacted relationship b/w Britain + colonies

• Stronger control over colonies → Conflict

• Fought for British in 3 wars → Independent identity + unity

• Mercantilism + absolutism → Abused & neglected colonists’ rights

• Rebellions - Use violence to redress grievances

• Indentured servitude

  • Improved farming conditions + climate in England → Young men stayed in England
  • Provided labor source in Virginia → Improved economy

• Primogeniture

  • Only benefitted oldest son → Sons of gentry have small chance of getting rich in England
  • Encouraged immigration to America

• Rhode Island and New Hampshire - New England colonies

  • Massachusetts - Puritans are religiously intolerant
  • Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay → Founded RI + NH
  • RW - Wanted separation of church & state + disagreed w/ Puritan treatment of Native Americans
  • AH - Criticized limited role of women in Puritan society

• Greatest significance of Spanish encomienda system in 16th century?

  • Spanish Crown forbade slavery
  • Included native chiefs + elders in system → Lessened Native American rebellions
  • Cash crops + mercantilism are NOT primary goals

• Southern gentry

  • Large plantation homes
  • Gained great wealth through plantation economy → Built large homes replicating European manor houses

• Which colony valued formal education for children?

  • Massachusetts
  • Puritans - Educate children → Religion will survive
  • Preserve Puritan culture + keep followers homogenous & disciplined
  • Separation of church + state → Created public schools

• Maryland - Religious tolerance

  • Lord Baltimore - Refuge for Roman Catholics persecuted by Anglican Church
  • Religious freedom only for Christians

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