Chapter 6 - Mercantilism and Colonial Wars
Restoration
Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell under a dictatorship
1660 - Exiled son of Charles I ascends to throne as Charles II
Under Charles II + James II, Britain had heavy control over colonies
Salutary Neglect
1660-1763
The Glorious Revolution marked the end of the French + Indian War
Created colonies for business ventures and/or religious refuges
Included colonies’ self-gov’t + protected rights
More control in the future would eventually lead to resistance and the American Revolution
Mercantilism
Nations are in competition (economic rivals = natural enemies)
Ensured a favorable balance of trade
Colonists gave raw goods to Britain + bought manufactured goods from Britain
Benefited Britain
Limited colonial economy + created dependence
Navigation Acts
1651, 1660
Charles II created new colonial control policies
Because ONLY British merchants could ship goods, there was high revenue for Britain
Colonists avoided compliance
Dominion of New England
Enforced tight bureaucratic control
Created by James II + led by Edmund Andros
Ended by Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution
1688-1689
English citizens rejected James II + overthrew him
Put William and Mary on the throne
Georgia
1733 - Founded by James Oglethorpe to reform British debtor prisons
Because it was a penal colony, it was expendable
Served as a buffer colony b/w Britain + Spain’s territories
Unsuccessful as an alternate source of silk
Leisler’s Rebellion
1689 - Jacob Leisler + New York merchants rebel against aristocracy
Showed American colonists’ distaste of European political structures
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676 - William Berkeley refused to help colonists in danger of Native American attacks, which angered Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon + other colonists attacked Native Americans + burned Jamestown
Showed that American frustration w/ British mismanagement would eventually led to violence
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)
Climax of conflicts b/w Britain, France, Spain
War started in 1754
Britain + Iroquois Native Americans vs. France + Huron Native Americans
1763 - Treaty of Paris (France cedes land to Britain)
New taxes on American colonists to pay for war
Albany Plan of Union
Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754
A central gov’t would unify the colonies + make it easier to coordinate defenses against the Native Americans + French attacks
Unpopular
“Join, or Die.”
Fort Duquesne
French + Indian War
George Washington attacked fort twice
Fell to the British in 1758
Renamed Fort Pitt (after William Pitt)
3 rivers + city of Pittsburgh
Battle of Quebec
Represented the climax of French and Indian War
General Wolfe assaulted the fortress from behind + inflicted many French casualties
France surrendered Canada in 1760
William Pitt
Continued formation of British empire
Served as Secretary of State of British empire in 1756
Rallied anti-French support
Helped Britain during French + Indian War
Molasses Act
1733
Hated by American colonists
Colonists were only allowed to sell sugar to Britain
Resulted in more smuggling
George III
1760 - Came to power during French + Indian War
Extended firmer control over British colonists (abused power)
Proclamation of 1763
1763
Britain didn’t use standing army to protect colonists (eventually resulting in Pontiac’s Rebellion)
Colonists couldn’t settle past Appalachian Mts. (couldn’t expand into Ohio River Valley)
Colonists defied British authority because they were hungry for land
Paxton Boys
Scots-Irish frontiersmen
Marched to Philadelphia in 1764
Disliked Quakers because they did not use violence to defend against Native Americans
Land Fever
Expanding west would relieve tensions in Coastal Plain (problems caused by soil depletion + population growth)
Faced Native American attacks + harsh conditions
Daniel Boone
Personified westward expansion
Led settlers west in 1775
Led frontier militia + position in colonial gov’t
Regulator Movement
1768 - Uprising in North Carolina
Scots-Irish protested concentration of power in coastal regions
Green Mountain Boys
Formed in Vermont in 1770
Militia group of frontiersmen + land speculators
Unsatisfied w/ East, wanted freedom in West
Militia force in American Revolution
Zenger Trial
Represented freedom of the press
1735 - John Peter Zenger not charged for slander
Proved that if criticism of royal governor is TRUE, it can be printed in newspapers
Patrick Henry
1763 - Calls King George III a tyrant
Lawyer + orator in House of Burgesses
Parson’s Cause
“Give me liberty, or give me death!”
1787 - Didn’t like centralization of power in Constitutional Convention
BIG PICTURE
Evolving British philosophies → Impacted relationship b/w Britain + colonies
Stronger control over colonies → Conflict
Fought for British in 3 wars → Independent identity + unity
Mercantilism + absolutism → Abused & neglected colonists’ rights
Rebellions - Use violence to redress grievances
Indentured servitude
Improved farming conditions + climate in England → Young men stayed in England
Provided labor source in Virginia → Improved economy
Primogeniture
Only benefitted oldest son → Sons of gentry have small chance of getting rich in England
Encouraged immigration to America
Rhode Island and New Hampshire - New England colonies
Massachusetts - Puritans are religiously intolerant
Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay → Founded RI + NH
RW - Wanted separation of church & state + disagreed w/ Puritan treatment of Native Americans
AH - Criticized limited role of women in Puritan society
Greatest significance of Spanish encomienda system in 16th century?
Spanish Crown forbade slavery
Included native chiefs + elders in system → Lessened Native American rebellions
Cash crops + mercantilism are NOT primary goals
Southern gentry
Large plantation homes
Gained great wealth through plantation economy → Built large homes replicating European manor houses
Which colony valued formal education for children?
Massachusetts
Puritans - Educate children → Religion will survive
Preserve Puritan culture + keep followers homogenous & disciplined
Separation of church + state → Created public schools
Maryland - Religious tolerance
Lord Baltimore - Refuge for Roman Catholics persecuted by Anglican Church
Religious freedom only for Christians
Restoration
Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell under a dictatorship
1660 - Exiled son of Charles I ascends to throne as Charles II
Under Charles II + James II, Britain had heavy control over colonies
Salutary Neglect
1660-1763
The Glorious Revolution marked the end of the French + Indian War
Created colonies for business ventures and/or religious refuges
Included colonies’ self-gov’t + protected rights
More control in the future would eventually lead to resistance and the American Revolution
Mercantilism
Nations are in competition (economic rivals = natural enemies)
Ensured a favorable balance of trade
Colonists gave raw goods to Britain + bought manufactured goods from Britain
Benefited Britain
Limited colonial economy + created dependence
Navigation Acts
1651, 1660
Charles II created new colonial control policies
Because ONLY British merchants could ship goods, there was high revenue for Britain
Colonists avoided compliance
Dominion of New England
Enforced tight bureaucratic control
Created by James II + led by Edmund Andros
Ended by Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution
1688-1689
English citizens rejected James II + overthrew him
Put William and Mary on the throne
Georgia
1733 - Founded by James Oglethorpe to reform British debtor prisons
Because it was a penal colony, it was expendable
Served as a buffer colony b/w Britain + Spain’s territories
Unsuccessful as an alternate source of silk
Leisler’s Rebellion
1689 - Jacob Leisler + New York merchants rebel against aristocracy
Showed American colonists’ distaste of European political structures
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676 - William Berkeley refused to help colonists in danger of Native American attacks, which angered Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon + other colonists attacked Native Americans + burned Jamestown
Showed that American frustration w/ British mismanagement would eventually led to violence
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)
Climax of conflicts b/w Britain, France, Spain
War started in 1754
Britain + Iroquois Native Americans vs. France + Huron Native Americans
1763 - Treaty of Paris (France cedes land to Britain)
New taxes on American colonists to pay for war
Albany Plan of Union
Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754
A central gov’t would unify the colonies + make it easier to coordinate defenses against the Native Americans + French attacks
Unpopular
“Join, or Die.”
Fort Duquesne
French + Indian War
George Washington attacked fort twice
Fell to the British in 1758
Renamed Fort Pitt (after William Pitt)
3 rivers + city of Pittsburgh
Battle of Quebec
Represented the climax of French and Indian War
General Wolfe assaulted the fortress from behind + inflicted many French casualties
France surrendered Canada in 1760
William Pitt
Continued formation of British empire
Served as Secretary of State of British empire in 1756
Rallied anti-French support
Helped Britain during French + Indian War
Molasses Act
1733
Hated by American colonists
Colonists were only allowed to sell sugar to Britain
Resulted in more smuggling
George III
1760 - Came to power during French + Indian War
Extended firmer control over British colonists (abused power)
Proclamation of 1763
1763
Britain didn’t use standing army to protect colonists (eventually resulting in Pontiac’s Rebellion)
Colonists couldn’t settle past Appalachian Mts. (couldn’t expand into Ohio River Valley)
Colonists defied British authority because they were hungry for land
Paxton Boys
Scots-Irish frontiersmen
Marched to Philadelphia in 1764
Disliked Quakers because they did not use violence to defend against Native Americans
Land Fever
Expanding west would relieve tensions in Coastal Plain (problems caused by soil depletion + population growth)
Faced Native American attacks + harsh conditions
Daniel Boone
Personified westward expansion
Led settlers west in 1775
Led frontier militia + position in colonial gov’t
Regulator Movement
1768 - Uprising in North Carolina
Scots-Irish protested concentration of power in coastal regions
Green Mountain Boys
Formed in Vermont in 1770
Militia group of frontiersmen + land speculators
Unsatisfied w/ East, wanted freedom in West
Militia force in American Revolution
Zenger Trial
Represented freedom of the press
1735 - John Peter Zenger not charged for slander
Proved that if criticism of royal governor is TRUE, it can be printed in newspapers
Patrick Henry
1763 - Calls King George III a tyrant
Lawyer + orator in House of Burgesses
Parson’s Cause
“Give me liberty, or give me death!”
1787 - Didn’t like centralization of power in Constitutional Convention
BIG PICTURE
Evolving British philosophies → Impacted relationship b/w Britain + colonies
Stronger control over colonies → Conflict
Fought for British in 3 wars → Independent identity + unity
Mercantilism + absolutism → Abused & neglected colonists’ rights
Rebellions - Use violence to redress grievances
Indentured servitude
Improved farming conditions + climate in England → Young men stayed in England
Provided labor source in Virginia → Improved economy
Primogeniture
Only benefitted oldest son → Sons of gentry have small chance of getting rich in England
Encouraged immigration to America
Rhode Island and New Hampshire - New England colonies
Massachusetts - Puritans are religiously intolerant
Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay → Founded RI + NH
RW - Wanted separation of church & state + disagreed w/ Puritan treatment of Native Americans
AH - Criticized limited role of women in Puritan society
Greatest significance of Spanish encomienda system in 16th century?
Spanish Crown forbade slavery
Included native chiefs + elders in system → Lessened Native American rebellions
Cash crops + mercantilism are NOT primary goals
Southern gentry
Large plantation homes
Gained great wealth through plantation economy → Built large homes replicating European manor houses
Which colony valued formal education for children?
Massachusetts
Puritans - Educate children → Religion will survive
Preserve Puritan culture + keep followers homogenous & disciplined
Separation of church + state → Created public schools
Maryland - Religious tolerance
Lord Baltimore - Refuge for Roman Catholics persecuted by Anglican Church
Religious freedom only for Christians