MEDA term 2 final

Anoxia

condition without oxygen

cardiomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the heart

cholecystectomy

excision/surgical removal of the gallbladder

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

cystolithiasis

condition of stones in the bladder

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

diarrhea

through flow

enteralgia

intestinal pain

gastrectomy

excision of the stomach

gastrocele

herniation/protrusion of the stomach

hematemesis

vomiting blood

lipemia

fat in the blood

metastasis

spreading beyond control

prognosis

before knowledge

pylororrhaphy

suturing of the pyloric valve

tachypnea

fast breathing

bradycardia

slow heart rate

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

eupnea

normal breathing

hematoschezia

passage of bloody stool

hematoma

mass of blood leaked outside of blood vessels into tissues

hematuria

blood in the urine

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

tachycardia

fast heart rate

diagnosis

through knowledge, identification of a disease

hemorrhage

to bleed profusely

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

pyrexia

an abnormally high body temperature or fever, fever

cartilage

nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

holistic

this concept of treating the body as a whole

homeostasis

stability or equilibrium of a system or the body's internal environment

hypertrophy

excessive growth or development

ligament

band of fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone

metabolism

the constantly changing physical and chemical processes occurring in the cell

muscle

a tissue consisting of contractile cells

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

septicemia

sepsis, blood poisoning by bacteria. It is the body's most extreme response to an infection. Sepsis that progresses to septic shock has a death rate as high as 50%, depending on the type of organism involved. Sepsis is a medical emergency and needs urgent medical treatment.

tendon

fibrous band connecting muscle to bone

bladder

muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds urine. as it fills, the thick muscular wall becomes thinner and organ increases in size. As bladder fills (200-400ml) the stretch receptors in the wall trigger micturition reflex. voluntary control of external urethral sphincter allows control of urine flow. Hollow sac that holds fluid e.g. urine.

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney, contains nephrons. outer portion of an organ, in our case the kidney.

diuretic

agent that increases urine output

dysuria

difficulty or pain with urination

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should have been established.

nocturnal *term* - bed wetting at night

idiopathic

pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology

incontinence

inability to prevent discharge of urine or feces

kidney

(2) bean shaped organs located on each side of vertebral column, posterior wall of abdominal cavity, behind parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal). Function: to remove waste products for blood and aid in maintaining h2o and electrolyte balance.

meatus

opening where urine passes to the outside. external opening of a passage.

renal medulla

inner region, contains collective ducts which form papillary ducts. central portion of a structure surrounded by the cortex

micturate

to urinate

nephron

urine producing microscopic structure, approx 1 mill/kidney; glomerulus + tubules; filtration and reabsorption unit of kidney. filtration unit of kidney; glomerulus + renal tubule

oliguria

scanty production of urine

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter. a cup shaped cavity as in the pelvis of the kidney

uremia

a condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

ureter

(2) slender muscular tubes, 10"-13" (26-33cm) long. 1/4" (0.6cm) wide. receives urine from kidneys and carries to posterior portion of bladder. Tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder.

urethra

Narrow tube (1.5'/3.8 cm in females; 8"/ 20cm in males), urine passes from bladder to outside of body. For males it is also apart of the reproductive system because it carries seminal fluid. Canal leading from bladder to outside.

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

urinalysis

examination of urine to separate it into its elements and define their kind and/or quantity

bulbourethral gland

pair of small glands located below the prostate, secrete thick alkaline mucus in early sexual stimulation (prior to ejaculation), lubricant and believed to protect sperm by neutralizing any acidic urine remaining in urethra, correspond to Bartholin glands in females

circumcision

to remove part or all of the prepuce

cryptorchidism

failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

epididymis

tightly coiled tube atop the testes; 20' (6 meters) length, carries mature sperm from testes to ductus deferens, storage place for sperm and add nutrients to sperm (mature during slow passage through) 12-20 days for maturation and become motile. Remain fertile 40-60 days and will disintegrate/reabsorbed if not ejaculated. Contracts during ejaculation and move sperm to ductus deferens. coiled tube attached tp the testes.

epispadias

condition where the urethral opening is on the dorsum of the penis

hypospadias

urethral opening more proximal than normal on the ventral surface of the penis

impotence

erectile dysfunction, inability to achieve an erection

libido

sexual desire

nocturia

excessive urination at night

penis

male organ of urination and copulation (coitus/intercourse). Glans penis, prepuce(foreskin), corpora cavernosa. Conveys urine and semen to the outside.

peyronie's disease

penile bending and pain on erection

phimosis

condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted

prepuce

aka foreskin, fold of skin near tip of penis; removed during circumcision's

priapism

persistent erection of the penis

prostate gland

encircles the urethra, just below the bladder, secretes a thin alkaline, milky fluid which forms part of semen, can be manually examined through rectum, tendency to enlarge in older men and may cause difficulty in urination by squeezing the prostatic portion urethra. organ surrounding the beginning of the urethra.

raphe

Ridge (internal medium septum) that divides scrotum into two sections; continues up along penis. line separating two symmetrical structures

scrotum

sac enclosing testes(skin covered pouch), has dartos tunic -thin layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum, has spermatic cord within scrotum. A sac containing the testes.

smegma

thick, cheesy, odoriferous secretion found under the labia , minora around the clitoris, or under the male prepuce. oily material produced by the glans and prepuce

testicle

paired, oval shaped sex organs, produce sperm cells, produces testosterone, has seminiferous tubules. one of the male reproductive glands.

urology

medical specialty of disorders of the urinary sytem

vasectomy

excision of a segment of the ductus (vas) deferens

amniocentesis

needle puncture of the amniotic sac, to remove amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes

chlamydia

bacterial sexually transmitted infection, *term* trachomatis, "silent" disease because many are asymptomatic, males may have discharge and painful urination. Females may have urethral or vaginal discharge, painful/ or frequent urination, lower abdominal pain. can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), treatment=antibiotics. species of bacteria causing an STD

coitus

sexual intercourse

colostrum

the first breast secretion at the end of pregnancy. less fat than human milk, but contains high immunoglobulins

dysmenorrhea

painful and difficult menstruation

dyspareunia

pain during sexual intercourse

eclampsia

convulsions in a patient with pre

embryo

unborn offspring in the stage of development from implantation to end of the 8th week of pregnancy, rapid growth of *term*. 0-8 weeks. developing organism from conception until the end of the second month.

endometriosis

endometrial tissue in the abdomen outside the uterus

episiotomy

surgical incision of the vulva

fallopian tubes

pair of tubes attached to the uterus; 4.5" long and 6mm in diameter. carries ovum released by ovary after ovulation to uterus; passageway for ovum to uterus. contains : isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, and fimbria.

tubes connected from the uterus to the abdominal cavity. carry the ovum from, ovary to the uterus. aka uterine tubes.

isthmus

fallopian/uterine tube *term*: medical constricted portion of uterine tube. part connecting two larger parts; in this case the uterus to the uterine tube. corpus *term*-below uterine body, where it begins to narrow.

ampulla

expanded distal end of fallopian tube which curves around ovary. fertilization generally occurs w/in this

infundibulum

funnel shaped distal end of uterine tube; opens into abdominopelvic cavity very close to ovary; this opening(ostium) contains fimbria. funnel shaped structure

fimbria

finger-like projections/ ends of fallopian tube; often one is attached to ovary. movements of *term* and their cilia make currents to help move ovum from ovary to the fallopian tube; ciliary action and peristalsis carry ovum towards uterus. a fringe-like structure on the surface of a cell or microorganism.

fetus

unborn offspring from beginning of 9th week of pregnancy until birth. >8weeks. human organism from end of eighth week after conception to birth.

GPAM charting

gravida =parity/para+abortions+miscarriages, example of a pregnant womans G is always one larger than the sum of PAM.

gravida

a pregnant woman

multigravida

woman who has been pregnant more than once