Anoxia
condition without oxygen
cardiomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the heart
cholecystectomy
excision/surgical removal of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
cystolithiasis
condition of stones in the bladder
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
diarrhea
through flow
enteralgia
intestinal pain
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach
gastrocele
herniation/protrusion of the stomach
hematemesis
vomiting blood
lipemia
fat in the blood
metastasis
spreading beyond control
prognosis
before knowledge
pylororrhaphy
suturing of the pyloric valve
tachypnea
fast breathing
bradycardia
slow heart rate
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
eupnea
normal breathing
hematoschezia
passage of bloody stool
hematoma
mass of blood leaked outside of blood vessels into tissues
hematuria
blood in the urine
hematocrit
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
tachycardia
fast heart rate
diagnosis
through knowledge, identification of a disease
hemorrhage
to bleed profusely
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
low blood pressure
pyrexia
an abnormally high body temperature or fever, fever
cartilage
nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
holistic
this concept of treating the body as a whole
homeostasis
stability or equilibrium of a system or the body's internal environment
hypertrophy
excessive growth or development
ligament
band of fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone
metabolism
the constantly changing physical and chemical processes occurring in the cell
muscle
a tissue consisting of contractile cells
organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
septicemia
sepsis, blood poisoning by bacteria. It is the body's most extreme response to an infection. Sepsis that progresses to septic shock has a death rate as high as 50%, depending on the type of organism involved. Sepsis is a medical emergency and needs urgent medical treatment.
tendon
fibrous band connecting muscle to bone
bladder
muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds urine. as it fills, the thick muscular wall becomes thinner and organ increases in size. As bladder fills (200-400ml) the stretch receptors in the wall trigger micturition reflex. voluntary control of external urethral sphincter allows control of urine flow. Hollow sac that holds fluid e.g. urine.
renal cortex
outer region of the kidney, contains nephrons. outer portion of an organ, in our case the kidney.
diuretic
agent that increases urine output
dysuria
difficulty or pain with urination
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should have been established.
nocturnal term - bed wetting at night
idiopathic
pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology
incontinence
inability to prevent discharge of urine or feces
kidney
(2) bean shaped organs located on each side of vertebral column, posterior wall of abdominal cavity, behind parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal). Function: to remove waste products for blood and aid in maintaining h2o and electrolyte balance.
meatus
opening where urine passes to the outside. external opening of a passage.
renal medulla
inner region, contains collective ducts which form papillary ducts. central portion of a structure surrounded by the cortex
micturate
to urinate
nephron
urine producing microscopic structure, approx 1 mill/kidney; glomerulus + tubules; filtration and reabsorption unit of kidney. filtration unit of kidney; glomerulus + renal tubule
oliguria
scanty production of urine
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter. a cup shaped cavity as in the pelvis of the kidney
uremia
a condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
ureter
(2) slender muscular tubes, 10"-13" (26-33cm) long. 1/4" (0.6cm) wide. receives urine from kidneys and carries to posterior portion of bladder. Tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder.
urethra
Narrow tube (1.5'/3.8 cm in females; 8"/ 20cm in males), urine passes from bladder to outside of body. For males it is also apart of the reproductive system because it carries seminal fluid. Canal leading from bladder to outside.
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urinalysis
examination of urine to separate it into its elements and define their kind and/or quantity
bulbourethral gland
pair of small glands located below the prostate, secrete thick alkaline mucus in early sexual stimulation (prior to ejaculation), lubricant and believed to protect sperm by neutralizing any acidic urine remaining in urethra, correspond to Bartholin glands in females
circumcision
to remove part or all of the prepuce
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum
epididymis
tightly coiled tube atop the testes; 20' (6 meters) length, carries mature sperm from testes to ductus deferens, storage place for sperm and add nutrients to sperm (mature during slow passage through) 12-20 days for maturation and become motile. Remain fertile 40-60 days and will disintegrate/reabsorbed if not ejaculated. Contracts during ejaculation and move sperm to ductus deferens. coiled tube attached tp the testes.
epispadias
condition where the urethral opening is on the dorsum of the penis
hypospadias
urethral opening more proximal than normal on the ventral surface of the penis
impotence
erectile dysfunction, inability to achieve an erection
libido
sexual desire
nocturia
excessive urination at night
penis
male organ of urination and copulation (coitus/intercourse). Glans penis, prepuce(foreskin), corpora cavernosa. Conveys urine and semen to the outside.
peyronie's disease
penile bending and pain on erection
phimosis
condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted
prepuce
aka foreskin, fold of skin near tip of penis; removed during circumcision's
priapism
persistent erection of the penis
prostate gland
encircles the urethra, just below the bladder, secretes a thin alkaline, milky fluid which forms part of semen, can be manually examined through rectum, tendency to enlarge in older men and may cause difficulty in urination by squeezing the prostatic portion urethra. organ surrounding the beginning of the urethra.
raphe
Ridge (internal medium septum) that divides scrotum into two sections; continues up along penis. line separating two symmetrical structures
scrotum
sac enclosing testes(skin covered pouch), has dartos tunic -thin layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum, has spermatic cord within scrotum. A sac containing the testes.
smegma
thick, cheesy, odoriferous secretion found under the labia , minora around the clitoris, or under the male prepuce. oily material produced by the glans and prepuce
testicle
paired, oval shaped sex organs, produce sperm cells, produces testosterone, has seminiferous tubules. one of the male reproductive glands.
urology
medical specialty of disorders of the urinary sytem
vasectomy
excision of a segment of the ductus (vas) deferens
amniocentesis
needle puncture of the amniotic sac, to remove amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes
chlamydia
bacterial sexually transmitted infection, term trachomatis, "silent" disease because many are asymptomatic, males may have discharge and painful urination. Females may have urethral or vaginal discharge, painful/ or frequent urination, lower abdominal pain. can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), treatment=antibiotics. species of bacteria causing an STD
coitus
sexual intercourse
colostrum
the first breast secretion at the end of pregnancy. less fat than human milk, but contains high immunoglobulins
dysmenorrhea
painful and difficult menstruation
dyspareunia
pain during sexual intercourse
eclampsia
convulsions in a patient with pre
embryo
unborn offspring in the stage of development from implantation to end of the 8th week of pregnancy, rapid growth of term. 0-8 weeks. developing organism from conception until the end of the second month.
endometriosis
endometrial tissue in the abdomen outside the uterus
episiotomy
surgical incision of the vulva
fallopian tubes
pair of tubes attached to the uterus; 4.5" long and 6mm in diameter. carries ovum released by ovary after ovulation to uterus; passageway for ovum to uterus. contains : isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, and fimbria.
tubes connected from the uterus to the abdominal cavity. carry the ovum from, ovary to the uterus. aka uterine tubes.
isthmus
fallopian/uterine tube term: medical constricted portion of uterine tube. part connecting two larger parts; in this case the uterus to the uterine tube. corpus term-below uterine body, where it begins to narrow.
ampulla
expanded distal end of fallopian tube which curves around ovary. fertilization generally occurs w/in this
infundibulum
funnel shaped distal end of uterine tube; opens into abdominopelvic cavity very close to ovary; this opening(ostium) contains fimbria. funnel shaped structure
fimbria
finger-like projections/ ends of fallopian tube; often one is attached to ovary. movements of term and their cilia make currents to help move ovum from ovary to the fallopian tube; ciliary action and peristalsis carry ovum towards uterus. a fringe-like structure on the surface of a cell or microorganism.
fetus
unborn offspring from beginning of 9th week of pregnancy until birth. >8weeks. human organism from end of eighth week after conception to birth.
GPAM charting
gravida =parity/para+abortions+miscarriages, example of a pregnant womans G is always one larger than the sum of PAM.
gravida
a pregnant woman
multigravida
woman who has been pregnant more than once