KSA 2

Female gonads

ovaries

Ovaries

located in pelvic cavity along lateral wall within the broad ligament; female gonads; endocrine hormones; site of oocyte maturation and produce reproductive hormones

Ovarian ligament

medial region of each ovary and attaches to the lateral side of the uterus; superior portion of embryonic gubernaculum; connects the ovary to the uterus

Females are born with

all the oocytes they will ever have

Ovulation

an ovum (mature ovarian follicle) ruptures is released into the uterine tube

Isthmus

narrow opening of uterus; inferior portion

external os

opening between the cervix and vagina

salpinx

trumpet, tube

Arterial supply of the ovary

ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta; two arteries are bilaterally symmetrical

Venous drainage of the left ovarian vein

left renal vein

Venous draining of right ovarian vein

IVC

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

connective tissue that connects the ovaries to the aorta and IVC;

Uterine tubes

tube that courses from the uterus to the ovary

Oviduct

duct that transports ovum/oocyte to uterus

Infundibulum

funnel-shaped distal end of uterine tube

Ampulla

widest, longest part of uterine tube; usually the site of fertilization

Isthmus

thick-walled and narrower part of uterine tube

Uterine part

short segment that passes from the uterine tube through the wall of the uterus

Fimbrae

finger-like processes spread over the surface of the ovary; help sweep the oocyte into the tube

Uterus

provides an environment for developing fetus; provides muscular power of contractions during childbirth; hollow organ in pelvic cavity between bladder and rectum

Body of the uterus

main portion of the uterus; three tissue layers (endometrium, myometrium, and epimetrium)

Fundus

palpated to determine how far along a pregnancy is; upper rounded portion of body

Endometrium

epithelial lined layer within the uterus

Myometrium

smooth muscle layer of the uterus

Epimetrium

outside layer of the uterus

Cervix

neck of the uterus; narrow bottom 1/3 of the uterus

Uterine arterial supply

uterine artery (branch of internal iliac artery)

Uterine venous drainage

uterine venous plexus

Uterine innervation

uterovaginal nerve plexus; autonomic

Cardinal ligament

condensation of endopelvic fascia that supports the position of the uterus within the pelvis

Broad ligament

folds in the inferior portion of the peritoneum

Mesovarium

peritoneum covering ovary and ovarian vesicles

Mesosalpinx

peritoneum covering the uterine tube

Mesometrium

peritoneum covering the uterus

Vagina

muscular tube between vestibule perineum to the fornices

Vestibule perineum

the cleft between the labia minora containing the vaginal and urethral orifices

Fornix (fornices)

recesses created by the extension of the cervix into the vaginal space

Arterial supply of the middle and inferior parts of the vagina

vaginal and internal pudendal arteries

Arterial supply of the superior parts of the vagina

uterine artery

Venous drainage of the vagina

vaginal venous plexus

Inferior 1/4 of the vagina innervation

somatic innervation by the deep perineal nerve (branch of the pudendal nerve)

Superior 3/4 of the vagina innervation

uterovaginal nerve plexus

Ligaments in the context of the vagina

readily visible or palpable

Folds of the peritoneum

broad ligament and the suspensory ligament of the ovary

Ligaments of remnants from development

remnants of the gabernaculum; ovarian ligament and round ligament

Round ligament

remnant of the gabernaculum; embryological remnant; passes anterolaterally from the uterus to the abdominal wall via the inguinal canal and terminates in the labia majora; help keep uterus in anteverted position

Cardinal ligaments

transverse cervical ligaments; condensations of fascia from pelvic walls to cervix and vagina; convey the uterine artery and vein and the uterovaginal nerve plexus

Uterosacral ligaments

endopelvic fascia that connects sacral fascia to the uterus at the level of the isthmus

Pubocervical ligaments

part of the pelvic floor that forms a sling; passes from pubic symphysis around and posterior to vagina and cervix; maintain continence by compressing vagina and urethra against bone

Perineum

diamond-shaped region of the body between the upper thighs, pubic symphysis, and the coccyx

Perineal diamond is divided into

anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal triangle

Anterior urogenital triangle

external genitalia and underlying erectile tissues and glands, thin muscles that primarily contribute to maintenance of erection, neurovascular structures, and fascia

Posterior anal triangle

contains anal musculature and neurovasculature

Female external genitalia

vulva

Female external genitalia includes

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, great vestibular glands

Mons pubis

just above the genitals and anterior to the pubic bone; structure protrudes because of underlying fat pad

Labia majora

hair covered folds of the skin; lateral to labia minora

Labia minora

hairless folds of the skin that frame the vestibule; vary in size; homologous to scrotum in males

Vestibule

location of the urethral and vaginal openings; framed by the labia minora

Two types of erectile tissues

clitoris, vestibular bulbs

Clitoris

one set of erectile tissues; richly innervated erectile body; contains the glands, body, and two crura

Glans of the clitoris

most richly innervated part of the clitoris; only part visible externally

Ischiocavernosus muscles

overlie the crura of the clitoris

Vestibular bulbs

one set of erectile tissues; elongated erectile tissues deep to the labia minora

Bulbospongiosus muscles

overlie the bulbs

Great vestibular glands

two glands located slightly below the opening of the vagina; secrete mucus to provide lubrication; homologous to bulbourethral glands in males

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

thin muscle that runs transversely

Perineal body

fibromuscular structure located at the junction of the perineal, anal, and levator ani muscles between inferior vagina and anal canal; supports the posterior vagina and pelvic floor

Perineum innervation

somatic pudendal nerve

Perineum sensory innervation

branches of pudendal nerve innervate vulvva

Skin of anterior urethra is innervated by

ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves

Perineum motor innervation

pudendal nerve innervates perineal muscles which contract to help maintain erection

Arterial supply of the perineum

internal pudendal artery

Venous drainage of the perineum

internal pudendal vein

lymphatic drainage of the perineum

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Male internal genital organss

testis, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

Male urethra

common passage for urinary system and reproductive system

Male external organs after birth

testes and epididymus

Testes

male gonads; produce male germ cells (sperms) and male hormones; suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord

Spermatic cord

suspends the testes in the scrotum

Tunica albuginea

tough fibrous outer layer surrounding the testes

Seminiferous tubules

where sperm are produced

Why do testes pass through the inguinal canal to the external body?

core body temperature is too warm for sperm to develop

Arterial supply of the tunica albuginea and epididymis

testicular arteries

Venous draining of the tunica albuginea and epididymis

pampiniform plexus of veins

Lymphatic drainage of the tunica albuginea and epididymis

lumbar pre-arotic lymph nodes

Efferent ductules

transport newly developed sperm from testes to the epididymis

Epididymis

where sperm mature and are stored

Ductus deferens

vas deferens; tough, cord-like muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymus to the urethra

Seminal vesicle

produce an alkaline fluid that gives sperms energy and acts as an anti-coagulant; connect the ductus deferens to form right and left ejaculatory ducts

Prostate

largest accessory gland in the male reproductive system; inferior to the bladder; contains 20-30 prostatic ducts that release prostatic secretions

Prostatic fluid

thin, milky fluid that plays a role in activating the sperm

Bulbourethral glands

Cowper’s glands; secrete mucus-like secretion during sexual arousal

Vasectomy

form of male sterilization; office procedure

Bening prostatic hypertrophy

normal process of aging where an enlarged prostate projects into the bladder; can cause urethral obstruction resulting in dysuria, increased urgency; increased frequency, and leaking or dribbling

External male genitalia

erectile tissue and skin of the penis

Penis

outlet for urine and semen

Erectile tissue of the penis

three cylindrical bodies: two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum

Deep fascia of the penis

continuation of deep perineal fascia that holds erectile tissues tightly together

Glans

tip of the penis; urethra opens at the tip