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Female gonads
ovaries
Ovaries
located in pelvic cavity along lateral wall within the broad ligament; female gonads; endocrine hormones; site of oocyte maturation and produce reproductive hormones
Ovarian ligament
medial region of each ovary and attaches to the lateral side of the uterus; superior portion of embryonic gubernaculum; connects the ovary to the uterus
Females are born with
all the oocytes they will ever have
Ovulation
an ovum (mature ovarian follicle) ruptures is released into the uterine tube
Isthmus
narrow opening of uterus; inferior portion
external os
opening between the cervix and vagina
salpinx
trumpet, tube
Arterial supply of the ovary
ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta; two arteries are bilaterally symmetrical
Venous drainage of the left ovarian vein
left renal vein
Venous draining of right ovarian vein
IVC
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
connective tissue that connects the ovaries to the aorta and IVC;
Uterine tubes
tube that courses from the uterus to the ovary
Oviduct
duct that transports ovum/oocyte to uterus
Infundibulum
funnel-shaped distal end of uterine tube
Ampulla
widest, longest part of uterine tube; usually the site of fertilization
Isthmus
thick-walled and narrower part of uterine tube
Uterine part
short segment that passes from the uterine tube through the wall of the uterus
Fimbrae
finger-like processes spread over the surface of the ovary; help sweep the oocyte into the tube
Uterus
provides an environment for developing fetus; provides muscular power of contractions during childbirth; hollow organ in pelvic cavity between bladder and rectum
Body of the uterus
main portion of the uterus; three tissue layers (endometrium, myometrium, and epimetrium)
Fundus
palpated to determine how far along a pregnancy is; upper rounded portion of body
Endometrium
epithelial lined layer within the uterus
Myometrium
smooth muscle layer of the uterus
Epimetrium
outside layer of the uterus
Cervix
neck of the uterus; narrow bottom 1/3 of the uterus
Uterine arterial supply
uterine artery (branch of internal iliac artery)
Uterine venous drainage
uterine venous plexus
Uterine innervation
uterovaginal nerve plexus; autonomic
Cardinal ligament
condensation of endopelvic fascia that supports the position of the uterus within the pelvis
Broad ligament
folds in the inferior portion of the peritoneum
Mesovarium
peritoneum covering ovary and ovarian vesicles
Mesosalpinx
peritoneum covering the uterine tube
Mesometrium
peritoneum covering the uterus
Vagina
muscular tube between vestibule perineum to the fornices
Vestibule perineum
the cleft between the labia minora containing the vaginal and urethral orifices
Fornix (fornices)
recesses created by the extension of the cervix into the vaginal space
Arterial supply of the middle and inferior parts of the vagina
vaginal and internal pudendal arteries
Arterial supply of the superior parts of the vagina
uterine artery
Venous drainage of the vagina
vaginal venous plexus
Inferior 1/4 of the vagina innervation
somatic innervation by the deep perineal nerve (branch of the pudendal nerve)
Superior 3/4 of the vagina innervation
uterovaginal nerve plexus
Ligaments in the context of the vagina
readily visible or palpable
Folds of the peritoneum
broad ligament and the suspensory ligament of the ovary
Ligaments of remnants from development
remnants of the gabernaculum; ovarian ligament and round ligament
Round ligament
remnant of the gabernaculum; embryological remnant; passes anterolaterally from the uterus to the abdominal wall via the inguinal canal and terminates in the labia majora; help keep uterus in anteverted position
Cardinal ligaments
transverse cervical ligaments; condensations of fascia from pelvic walls to cervix and vagina; convey the uterine artery and vein and the uterovaginal nerve plexus
Uterosacral ligaments
endopelvic fascia that connects sacral fascia to the uterus at the level of the isthmus
Pubocervical ligaments
part of the pelvic floor that forms a sling; passes from pubic symphysis around and posterior to vagina and cervix; maintain continence by compressing vagina and urethra against bone
Perineum
diamond-shaped region of the body between the upper thighs, pubic symphysis, and the coccyx
Perineal diamond is divided into
anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal triangle
Anterior urogenital triangle
external genitalia and underlying erectile tissues and glands, thin muscles that primarily contribute to maintenance of erection, neurovascular structures, and fascia
Posterior anal triangle
contains anal musculature and neurovasculature
Female external genitalia
vulva
Female external genitalia includes
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, great vestibular glands
Mons pubis
just above the genitals and anterior to the pubic bone; structure protrudes because of underlying fat pad
Labia majora
hair covered folds of the skin; lateral to labia minora
Labia minora
hairless folds of the skin that frame the vestibule; vary in size; homologous to scrotum in males
Vestibule
location of the urethral and vaginal openings; framed by the labia minora
Two types of erectile tissues
clitoris, vestibular bulbs
Clitoris
one set of erectile tissues; richly innervated erectile body; contains the glands, body, and two crura
Glans of the clitoris
most richly innervated part of the clitoris; only part visible externally
Ischiocavernosus muscles
overlie the crura of the clitoris
Vestibular bulbs
one set of erectile tissues; elongated erectile tissues deep to the labia minora
Bulbospongiosus muscles
overlie the bulbs
Great vestibular glands
two glands located slightly below the opening of the vagina; secrete mucus to provide lubrication; homologous to bulbourethral glands in males
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
thin muscle that runs transversely
Perineal body
fibromuscular structure located at the junction of the perineal, anal, and levator ani muscles between inferior vagina and anal canal; supports the posterior vagina and pelvic floor
Perineum innervation
somatic pudendal nerve
Perineum sensory innervation
branches of pudendal nerve innervate vulvva
Skin of anterior urethra is innervated by
ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves
Perineum motor innervation
pudendal nerve innervates perineal muscles which contract to help maintain erection
Arterial supply of the perineum
internal pudendal artery
Venous drainage of the perineum
internal pudendal vein
lymphatic drainage of the perineum
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Male internal genital organss
testis, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Male urethra
common passage for urinary system and reproductive system
Male external organs after birth
testes and epididymus
Testes
male gonads; produce male germ cells (sperms) and male hormones; suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord
Spermatic cord
suspends the testes in the scrotum
Tunica albuginea
tough fibrous outer layer surrounding the testes
Seminiferous tubules
where sperm are produced
Why do testes pass through the inguinal canal to the external body?
core body temperature is too warm for sperm to develop
Arterial supply of the tunica albuginea and epididymis
testicular arteries
Venous draining of the tunica albuginea and epididymis
pampiniform plexus of veins
Lymphatic drainage of the tunica albuginea and epididymis
lumbar pre-arotic lymph nodes
Efferent ductules
transport newly developed sperm from testes to the epididymis
Epididymis
where sperm mature and are stored
Ductus deferens
vas deferens; tough, cord-like muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymus to the urethra
Seminal vesicle
produce an alkaline fluid that gives sperms energy and acts as an anti-coagulant; connect the ductus deferens to form right and left ejaculatory ducts
Prostate
largest accessory gland in the male reproductive system; inferior to the bladder; contains 20-30 prostatic ducts that release prostatic secretions
Prostatic fluid
thin, milky fluid that plays a role in activating the sperm
Bulbourethral glands
Cowper’s glands; secrete mucus-like secretion during sexual arousal
Vasectomy
form of male sterilization; office procedure
Bening prostatic hypertrophy
normal process of aging where an enlarged prostate projects into the bladder; can cause urethral obstruction resulting in dysuria, increased urgency; increased frequency, and leaking or dribbling
External male genitalia
erectile tissue and skin of the penis
Penis
outlet for urine and semen
Erectile tissue of the penis
three cylindrical bodies: two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
Deep fascia of the penis
continuation of deep perineal fascia that holds erectile tissues tightly together
Glans
tip of the penis; urethra opens at the tip