A&P (ch 1,3,4,5)

Anatomy

Describe the structures of the body

Physiology

Study of functions of anatomical structures

How are anatomy and physiology inseparable?

The function always reflects the structure, the structure dictates the function

Microscopic anatomy

Examines cells and molecules

Gross anatomy

Examines large, visible structures

Surface anatomy

Exterior features

Regional anatomy (ex: thighs)

Body areas

Sectional anatomy

Cross sections

Systemic anatomy

organ systems

clinical anatomy

medical specialties

Developmental anatomy

From conception→adulthood including embryology

Cell physiology

function of cells

Organ physiology

function of specific organs

systemic physiology

function of organ systems

Pathological physiology

effects of diseases on organs/systems

What are some variations in physiology?

sex, age, weight, diet, genetics, etc

What happens when you don’t consider variation?

Can lead to overmedication of elderly/ medicating women based on research on men

Major organs of integumentary system

Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

Major organs of skeletal system

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Major organs of muscular system

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

Major organs of nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Major organs of lymphatic (immune) system

Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

Major organs of respiratory system

Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Major organs of digestive system

Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Major organs of urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Major organs of male reproductive system

testes, epididymides, ductus deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

Major organs of female reproductive system

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

Medical terminology

terms related to body in health and disease

What does the root of a term refer to?

Organ, tissue, or condition

What does prefix/suffix describe?

The root

Surface anatomy

Locating structures on/near the body surface

Anatomical position

The common reference position

Supine

lying down, face up

Prone

lyying down, face down

Anatomical term of forehead

Frontal

nose

nasal

eye

ocular/orbital

ear

otic

cheek

buccal

neck

cervical

thorax/chest

thoracic

breast

mammary

abdomen

abdominal

navel

umbilical

pelvis

pelvic

hand

manual

groin

inguinal

pubis

pubic

thigh

femmoral

foot

pedal

great toe

hallux

toes

digits (phalanges)

ankle

tarsal

leg

crural

kneecap

patellar

thumb

pollex

palm

palmar

wrsit

carpal

forearm

antebrachial

front of elbow

antecubital

arm

brachial

armpit

axillary

chin

mental

mouth

oral

face

facial

skull

cranial

head

cephalic

shoulder

acromial

back

dorsal

back of elbow

olecranal

loin

lumbar

buttock

gluteal

back of knee

popliteal

calf

sural

heel of foot

calcanea

Abdominopelvic QUADRANTS

Right upper/lower quadrant and left upper/lower quadrant

how many abdominopelvic REGIONS are there?

9

What are the top left and right side of the abdominopelvic regions called?

Right/left Hypochondriac region

What are the bottom left and right side of the abdominopelvic regions called?

Right/left inguinal region

What are the middle left and right side of the abdominopelvic regions called?

Right/left lumbar region

What’s the top of the middle of the abdominopelvic region called?

Epigastric region

What’s the middle of the abdominopelvic region called?

Umbilical region

What’s the bottom of the middle of the abdominopelvic region called?

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, and small/large intestine are all part of what quadrant of the stomach?

RUQ

Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (female= right ovary; male= spermatic cord and right ureter) are all part of what quadrant of the stomach?

RLQ

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestines are all part of what quadrant of the stomach?

LUQ

Most of small intestine/portions of large intestine, left utterer, and reproductive organs (female= left ovary; male= left spermatic cord)

LLQ

Above, at a higher level ex: the head is ___ to the chest

Superior

Below, at a lower level ex: the knee is ___ to the hip

Inferior

Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk ex: shoulder is ____ to the wrist

proximal

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk ex: fingers are ___ to the wrist

distal

Toward the head ex: The ____ nerves are in the head

cranial/cephalic

The back surface ex: the scapula (shoulder blade) is located ____ to the rib cage

Posterior/dorsal

The front surface/ belly side Ex: The umbilicus (navel) is on the _____ surface of the trunk

anterior/ventral

Toward the tail (coccyx)

caudal

Near/relatively close to body surface ex: the skin is ____ to underlying structures

superficial

Toward the interior of the body (farther from surface)

deep

Sectional anatomy

A slice through a 3D object (used to visualize internal organization)

What are the 3 sectional planes?

Frontal/coronal, sagittal, transverse plane

What section separates anterior and posterior portions on the body (passing through the skull)?

Frontal/coronal section