Psych exam 3

According to the Whorfian hypothesis, language influences thinking and behavior

True

What provides evidence that language is not uniquely human?

Bonobos have the ability to develop language skills

Set of grammatical principles found in all human languages

Grammar

Features found in the majority of the worlds languages

Linguistic universals

Speakers of different languages think differently

Linguistic relativity

Perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language

Phonemes

Brocc’a area is less activated during speech perception compared to music perception

False

What evidence supports that perception of speech and music are different?

• some brain damaged patients have intact music perception but speech music perception

• Brock’s areas is more activated during speech perception impaired to music perception

• Some Brian damaged patients have intact speech perception but impaired music perception

Extracting discrete elements of speech

Decoding

Choosing one voice to focus on

Select speech signal

Constructing coherent meaning from speech

Utterance interpretation

Integrating current meaning with preceding speech content

Integrating meaning

Dividing the speech input into phonemes (units of sound) and words

Segmentation

Speech signal is variable because speakers pronunciation of a phoneme depends on their pronunciation of preceding and following phonemes

Coarticulation

Word stress

Metrical prosody cues

Relating to the words or vocabulary of a language

Lexical

Correspond to parts of words, such as phonological segments (phonemes_ or sequences of segments (biphones)

Sublexical

A mismatch between spoken and visual information that leads listeners to perceive a sound or word involving a blending of the auditory and visual information

McGurk effect

Word spellings

Orthography

Word sounds

Phonology

Word meanings

Semantics

What does reading involve?

• phonology

• Word meaning

• Orthography

Specific problems in reading irregular words

Surface dyslexia

Performance on reading familiar regular and irregular worlds in quite high, whereas performance on reading non-words is difficult

Phonological dyslexia

The ____ describes the finding that words are fixated longer during reading when preceded by rare rather than common workd

Spillover effect

Analyzing syntactic or grammatical structure of sentences

Parsing

The intended meaning of each sentence

Pragmatic

The whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics

Grammar

Aims to identify the roles played by words in a sentence, interpret the relationship between words, and interpret the grammatical structure of sentences

Syntactic analysis

The process of drawing meaning from text

Semantic analysis

One way that listeners work out the syntactic or grammatical structure of spoken language is by using prosodic cues (stress, intonation, rhythm). Prosodic cues are most valuable when trying to interpret ambiguous ____ sentences

Spoken

In the garden-path model of parsing, the notion that new words encountered in a sentence are attached to the current phrase, if grammatically permissible, forms the basis of which principle?

The principle of late closure

Which of the following statements describes an assumption of the standard pragmatic model?

Literal meanings are always accessed before non-literal meanings

Individuals with high working memory capacity experiences less mind-wandering than individuals with less working memory capacity while reading. Which increases reading comprehension

True

Depends only on the meaning of words

Logical inference

Needs to be made to establish coherence between the current part of the text and the preceding text

Birding inference

Serves to embellish or add details to the text

Elaborating inference

According to Bartley’s (1932), the main impact of schematic knowledge occurs at:

Retrieval

Distorted memory based on expectations

Rationalization

Omitting unfamiliar details

Levelling

Elaborating on certain details

Sharpening

What is a similarity between spoken and written language?

Both start with planning the overall meaning to be communicated

What is not a difference between spoken and written language?

• Speaking represents a more self-monitored process

The tendency for speakers words to have the same syntactic structure to those that they just hears shortly before from another speaker

Syntactic priming

The production of phrases that are used frequently

Preformulation

A strategy used to reduce processing costs in speech production by using simplified expressions

Underspecification

According to Dell’s (1986, 2013) spreading-activation theory, speech errors cure because:

An incorrect item is sometimes more activated than the correct one

Levelt’s (1983) perceptual loop theory argues that speakers often detect ad rapidly correct theiry own speech errors by monitoring what they say. With overt speech, speakers rely on the use of ____ to detect errors

Auditory feedback

A node in Levelt’s (1999) WEAVER++ model’s second level of the network, representing w word that is specified both syntactically, though not phonologically, is called a:

Lemma

Which of the following is a feature of Dell’s (1986( spreading-activation theory of speech planning?

Parallel, interactive processing

Speech comprehension is more cognitively demanding than speech production

False

The speech of someone with non-fluent aphasia (agrammantism) tends to lack:

Function words

Hayes and Flower (1986) identified three key processes of writing that fall in which “natural” order:

Planning, sentence generation, revision

If a patient has problems spelling unfamiliar words and non-words, but not known words, they might be suffering from:

Phonological dysgraphia