BIO 107: Unit 1 - Ch 3 & 4 Cellular Level

What are cells?

What are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions?

What are Somatic cells?

What are all body cells except sex cells called?

What are Sex cells?

What type of cells are reproductive cells; male sperm, female oocytes (eggs)?

What is Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)?

What separates the inside of cell (cytosol) from extracellular fluid?

What is Extracellular fluid?

Which type of fluid is all the body fluids found outside of the cell?

What is Interstitial fluid?

Which type of fluid is the watery medium of tissues outside of the cell?

What is Membrane Lipid (Phospholipid Bilayer)?

What are the barrier ions and water soluble compounds called?

What are hydrophilic heads?

What structure has heads on both side pointing toward the watery environment?

What are hydrophobic tails?

What structure has fatty acid tails inside the membrane pointed away from the watery environment?

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

1. Anchoring proteins

2. Recognition proteins

3. Enzymes

4. Receptor proteins

5. Carrier proteins

6. Channels

What are anchoring proteins (stabilizers)?

What attach to inside or outside structures?

What are recognition proteins (identifiers)?

What identify and label cells as normal or abnormal?

What do enzymes do for membrane proteins?

What catalyze reactions in membrane proteins?

What are receptor proteins?

What binds and responds in membrane proteins?

What are carrier proteins?

What has carrier transport specific solutes through membrane?

What are channels in membrane proteins?

What regulate water flow and solutes through membrane?

What is permeability?

What determines what moves in and out out of a cell?

What is freely permeable?

Which type of permeable lets anything pass?

What is selectively permeable?

Which type of permeable restricts movement?

What is impermeable?

Which type of permeable lets nothing in or out?

What is the cost of active transport?

What requires energy (ATP) for transport?

What is the cost of passive transport?

What requires no energy for transport?

What is diffusion?

What is the movement of materials (molecules) from a high concentration to a low concentration?

What is simple diffusion?

Which type of diffusion allow materials move straight through cell membrane, high to low concentration?

What is channel mediated?

What are materials which pass through channels?

What is osmosis?

What is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

What is hypotonic solutions?

What has less solutes?

• Loses water through osmosis.

What is hypertonic solutions?

What has more solutes?

• Gains water by osmosis.

What is isotonic solutions?

What is a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell?

What is carrier mediated transport?

How do proteins in the cell membrane carry material across?

What is facilitated diffusion?

Which type of transport have:

• Molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein.

• Protein changes shape, molecules pass through.

• Receptor site is specific to certain molecule.

What is active transport?

What move substrates against concentration gradient, require energy such as ATP?

What is sodium-potassium exchange pump?

What actively transport sodium ions (Na+) out and potassium ions (K+) in?

What is secondary active transport?

Which transport have:

• Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport.

• ATP energy pumps Na+ back out.

What is transport vesicles?

What are the small membranous sacs that move material in and out?

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

What are receptors (glycoproteins) that bind target molecules?

• Coated vesicle carries target molecules and receptors into the cell.

What is pinocytosis?

How do Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid (cell drinking)?

What is phagocytosis?

How do cells engulfs large objects (cell eating)?

What is exocytosis?

What discharges contents outside of cell, is the reverse of endocytosis?

What is transport potential electrical charge?

What is the unequal charge across the cell membrane is transmembrane potential?

• Inside cell membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive.

What is cytoplasm?

What are all the materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus?

What is cytosol?

What dissolved materials of nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products?

What are organelles?

What are structures in cell with specific functions?

What is cytoskeleton?

What provides internal protein framework, strength, and shape for cells?

What is microvilli?

What is increase the cell’s surface area for absorption?

What is cilia?

What move fluids across the cell surface?

What are centrioles?

What form spindle apparatus during cell division?

What are ribosomes?

What is protein synthesis, free ribosomes in cytoplasm?

What are proteasomes?

What contains protein-digesting enzymes (proteases), and disassembles damaged proteins for recycling?

What is membranous organelles?

What is isolated from the cytosol by a phospholipid membrane?

What is mitochondria?

What produces energy for the cell?

What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum?

Which organelle has these functions:

• Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

• Storage of synthesized molecules and materials.

• Transport of materials within ER.

What is rough ER?

Which type of ER is active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis, and has the surface covered with ribosomes?

What is smooth ER?

Which type of ER has synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates, and no ribosomes attached?

What is golgi apparatus?

What modifies, sorts, and packages products for exocytosis?

What are lysosomes?

What is the powerful enzyme-containing vesicles that clean up inside cell?

What is autolysis?

What is self-destruction of damaged cells?

What is peroxisomes?

What are enzyme-containing vesicles that:

• Break down fatty acids and organic compounds.

• Produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) → H2O & O2

What is the nucleus?

What is the cell’s control center and largest organelle?

What is the nuclear membrane?

What is the double membrane (envelope) around the nucleus?

What is the nucleoli?

What is found in the nucleus and synthesis RNA?

What are nuclear pores?

What are the small communication passages that span around the nucleus?

What are nucleosomes?

What is the DNA coiled around histones?

What is chromatin?

What are loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)?

What are chromosomes?

What are tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)?

What is DNA?

What has instructions for every protein in the body?

What are genes?

What are functional units of DNA that contain instructions for 1 or more proteins?

What is the process of protein synthesis?

DNA → Transcription (mRNA) copies DNA & leaves nucleus → Translation (tRNA) assembles protein.

What are the steps of protein synthesis transcription?

What are these steps for:

1. Gene activation uncoils DNA at start and stop codes.

2. mRNA duplicates DNA.

3. Triplet of nucleotides (codon) represents one amino acid.

What are the steps of protein synthesis translation?

What are these steps for:

1. mRNA moves from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

2. tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA.

3. tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon.

4. One mRNA codon translates to one amino acid

5. Amino acids are joined with peptide bonds.

What is mitosis?

What is the division of a cell that produces 2 identical daughter cells?

What is meiosis?

What is the cell division that produces gametes?

What is the interphase?

Which phase does a cell spent most of its life in a nondividing state?

What is the prophase?

Which phase does the chromosomes coil, and nucleoli & nuclear envelope disappear?

What is the metaphase?

Which phase does chromosomes align on the midline?

What is the anaphase?

Which phase does the centriole’s microtubules pull chromosomes apart?

What is the telophase?

Which phase does nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear, cell has 2 complete nuclei?

What is cytokinesis?

What is the division of the cytoplasm?

What is oncogenes?

What are mutated genes that cause cancer?

What are tumors (neoplasm)?

What are the enlarged mass of cells, abnormal cell growth and division?

What is benign tumor?

Which type of tumor is contained and not life threatening?

What is malignant tumor?

Which type of tumor is spread into surrounding tissues (invasion), start new tumors (metastasis)?