319 Unit 1 - Antibiotics Part 1

___________ were the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use, but use is limited now due to developed resistance

penicillin ("-cillin")

amoxicillin is a broad spectrum penicillin typically saved for what age group?

a. middle age adults

b. young children

c. elderly

d. teenagers

b. young children

penicillins are generally (bactericidal/bacteriostatic)

bactericidal

penicillin works by:

a. inhibiting cell wall synthesis

b. inhibiting protein synthesis

c. interference with cell metabolism

d. alteration in membrane permeability

a. inhibiting cell wall synthesis

what is the drug-drug interaction for penicillin

parenteral aminoglycosides

____________ are similar to penicillins in both structure and action

cephalosporins ("cef-")

which generation of cephalosporins is the oldest?

first generation

a fourth generation cephalosporin is (newer/older) than a second generation

newer

true or false: cephalosporins are both bactericidal and bacteriostatic depending on the dose

true

what is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

a. inhibiting cell wall synthesis

b. inhibiting protein synthesis

c. interference with cell metabolism

d. alteration in membrane permeability

a. inhibiting cell wall synthesis

true or false: an individual with a penicillin allergy may also react to a cephalosporin

true

what are the two drug-drug interactions for cephalosporins

1. increased bleeding when taking warfarin

2. increased nephrotoxicity with concurrent use of amino glycosides

____________ are a common antibiotic that is attractive due to its use in case of allergy to penicillins and cephalosporins

macrolides (-mycin)

______________ is a notable macrolide because there is a heavy starter dose in exchange for a shorter duration meaning the patient is more likely to finish the course.

azithromycin

what is the action of macrolides?

a. inhibiting cell wall synthesis

b. inhibiting protein synthesis

c. interference with cell metabolism

d. alteration in membrane permeability

b. inhibiting protein synthesis

macrolides are (broad/narrow) spectrum, increasing the risk for superinfection

broad

macrolides are (bacteriostatic/bactericidal)

both

what are the adverse reactions of macrolides to watch out for

superinfection, tinnitus, seizures, dysgeusia (bad taste), and stephen johnson syndrome

which three medication levels will increase when taken with macrolide antibiotics?

1. warfarin

2. theophylline

3. carbamazepine

fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, verapamil, diltiazem, and clarithromycin will cause ____________ levels to increase, putting patients at risk for sudden cardiac death

erythromycin

_____________ levels can be reduced by antacids affecting their absorption

azithromycin

____________ are a group of antibiotics reserved for serious infections primarily caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli

aminoglycosides

what is the mechanism of action for the amino glycosides?

a. inhibiting cell wall synthesis

b. inhibiting protein synthesis

c. interference with cell metabolism

d. alteration in membrane permeability

b. inhibiting protein synthesis

which antibiotic class has a narrow therapeutic range, often requiring peak and trough monitoring?

a. penicillins

b. cephalosporins

c. macrolides

d. aminoglycosides

d. aminoglycosides

which organ is most commonly affected when aminoglycosides reach a toxic level in the body? (select 2)

a. eyes - can eventually cause blindness

b. ears - ototoxicity

c. liver - hepatotoxicity

d. kidneys - nephrotoxicity

b. ears - ototoxicity

d. kidneys - nephrotoxicity

what five conditions will caution/contraindicate a prescription for aminoglycosides?

1. known allergy

2. renal disease

3. pre-existing hearing loss

4. myasthenia gravis

5. Parkinsonism

aminoglycosides are synergistic with what two other classes of antibiotics?

penicillins and cephalosporins

true or false: patients on an aminoglycoside can take a complete daily dose of acetaminophen

false - caution should be used with acetaminophen doses since it is also a nephrotoxic drug

______________ is an enzyme secreted by bacteria that to deactivate penicillins and cephalosporins

Beta lactamase

true or false: B-lactamase inhibitors are an entirely new class of antibiotics

false