CANADIAN HISTORY

Trench Warfare

A style of fighting used in WW1 that caused massive problems with feet and mouths.

Rat Holing

A type of fighting style used in WW2 which involved burrowing through walls.

Juno Beach

Canadian landing beach during the Normandy invasion. Canadians penetrated about 9 km inland by the end of D-Day.

Battle of Britan

Hitler tried to take Britain but failed, showed the Germans that the war may not be so easily won.

Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945).

War Measures Act

An Act that gives the federal government emergency powers during wartime, including the right to detain people without laying charges.

Robert Borden

Conservative Prime Minster for 1911-1920, led Canada through WWI. Gave the vote to Woman, passed Conscription Act, and insisted that Canada signed the Treaty of Versailles, and head a seat at the League of Nations.

Conscription Act

Enacted in April of 1862, it subjected all white males between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to military service for three years. It was repealed in 1863.

Lester B. Pearson

Won Nobel Peace Prize for organizing the U.N. Peacekeeping force.

Ypres

Chlorine was first used by the Germans in this battle in 1915

Enemy Aliens

Canadian Citizens who had backgrounds the same as the countries the Allies were fighting against. These people were discriminated and not given equal rights.

Treaty of Versailes

Peace agreement intended to end the Great War and all future wars.

Gulf War

A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.

CCRF

Has affected issues of gender (equal pay, job availability, sexual harassment); issues of age (exploitation of youth, ageism, forced retirement); issues of race (discrimination in hiring/promotions, racism).

Quebec Referendum of 1980 and 1995

The two votes that were offered to Quebec citizens. These votes was about whether or not Quebec should split off from Canada. The first was close, but both were a definitive NO.

October Crisis

Fight between government and FLQ over kidnapping of 2 politicians in a struggle for independence of Quebec.

Pierre Trudeau

Prime minister of Canada 1968-79 and 1980-84. The PM who officially made Canada a bilingual country.

Constitution Act

Passed in 1982. Part of the Constitution of Canada. It made several changes to the British North America Act, including renaming it the Constitution Act, 1867.

Camp X

A spy camp set up in Ontario after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. They trained Allied spies.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations helped South Korea.

NORAD

North American Air Defense Command, brought the defense of the U.S. and Canada to a joint command to protect against any nuclear attack from The Soviet Union.

Prohibition

The ban of transportation, and consumption of all alcohol products.

Statute Of Westminister

1931; gave dominions such as Canada legal equality with Britain.

Persons Case

A court case in which the Famous Five successfully fought to have women declared "persons" under Canadian law in 1929

Relief

Welfare aid for the needy during the Great Depression.

PM Bennet

The PM of Canada during the Great Depression. He set up Relief Camps.

Bennet Blankets

Newspapers used by the poor as blankets.

Bennet Buggies

Horse drawn carriages used by poor people in the Great Depression.

Americanization

Causing someone to acquire American traits and characteristics.

5 Cent Piece Speech

The speech PM King gave that caused him to get knocked out of power.

The Flapper

A woman who rebelled against expectations. She drank, smoked, and maybe talked about "dating" openly. Danced and cut her hair too. Skirts were changed. Beginnings of the modern woman.

Social Credit

Political Party which advocated the distribution of money, or "social credit".

Relief Camps

Single men could go here to receive work, money and food.

Vimy Ridge

A successful battle of World War One where all four Canadian divisions fought together for the first time. A proud moment for Canada.

Lusitania

The American ship carrying people that the Germans sunk. This ultimately got the US into WW1.

The Convoy System

A system that was devised by the Allies in WW1 after their ships were continuously sunk by German U-boats.

U-boats

German submarines.

Billy Bishop

Canada's war ace in WW1.

Nellie McClung

A Canadian feminist, politician, and social activist. She was a part of the social and moral reform movements prevalent in Western Canada in the early 1900s.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.

Nationalism

To have pride in one's nation.

Dieppe

In 1942, 5000 Canadian soldiers landed at Dieppe on the coast of France. The objective was to take the beach and town.

D-Day

175000 Allied troops invading the beaches of Normandy; OPeration Overlord. The beaches of Normandy (which were broken into 5 groups) were stormed by US, British, Canadian, French, and Polish

Ration Cards

Cards showing the allotted amount of food one may buy during tough times.

VE Day

Germany surrenders, Victory over Europe. May 8, 1945.

VJ Day

August 15, 1945 - the Victory in Japan Day when the Japanese surrendered.

Anti-Semetism

The policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews

Middle Power

states which arent superpowers, or great powers, but still possess some influence internationally, Canada is one.Intern

Ortona

The battle in which Canadian troops played a major role in the Italian campaign.

Holocaust

The period in which Hitler took power in Germany, creating the Nazi Party. They believed in eliminateng all races who were not Arien, mostly the Jews.

Blitzkreig

A type of fighting will fast and heavy blows. Making it hard to defemd against.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945.

Kristalnact

"Night of Broken Glass"; on this night, the Nazis destroyed Jews homes, synagogues, and businesses.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. These bombs were tested in open parts of Canada.

Sir Johns A. MacDonald

Canada's first PM, "Father of Confederation"

Wilfred Laurier

Canada's first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the country's greatest PMs.

1867 BNA Act

The Act that officially made Canada country. Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newbrunswick.

Push Factors

Motive to move away from a country.

Pull Factors

Motive to go to a certain country.

Imperialism

To have a series of colonies to create an empire in order to take power.

Alaskan Boundary Dispute

Argument against the US and Canada to decide how far each country could fish into the other`s boundary.

Triple Alliance

The three countries before 1914 that were not part of the Allied Powers after 1914.

Triple Entente

The three countries that were the Allied Powers after 1914.

Chlorine Gas

Used by the Germans in the Battle of Ypres. Could be stopped with urine.

The Battle of Sommes

In Verdun, around the Sommes River. Total of 650,000 casualties, and 24,000 casualties.

Creeping Barage

A new tactic used by the Canadian in the Battle of Vimy Ridge

Attrition

WW1 was a war of this. This means you wear down the enemy.

The Battle of Passchendale

Canadian General Currie takes over, 1/2 million die total-15,000 Canadians. The Creeping Barrage tactic was used again.

Military Voters Act

This act enabled anybody involved in WW1 could vote.

Wartime Elections Act

This act allowed white women involved in the war to vote.

Victory Bonds

Bonds that Canadians bought that supported the war. These bonds could be cashed in for more after the war was over.

Victory Gardens

Grown in order to save money on production.

Propaganda

Posters that promote war, immigration and enlistment.

Prohibition

The ban of transport, purchase, and consumption of alcohol.

The Great Depression

A serious economically troubled time in the US and Canada

Black Tuesday

The beginning of the Great Depression. This is when the stock markets crashed.

On To Ottawa Trek

In 1935, hundreds of single unemployed men hopped freight trains for Ottawa demanding work, wages and an end to government relief camps. The trek was stopped in Regina.

Regina Riot

Hundreds of men rioted and protested in Regina after the On To Ottawa Trek was stopped there.

Issolationism

Not involving yourself, or your country, in other countries conflicts.

Appeasment

The belief of giving a bit so a lot is not taken and with force.

Battle of Britian

Also known as operation Sea Lion. Germany made two plans to take Britain.

Operation Barbarossa

Hitler`s plan to take the Soviet Union in one year.

Italian Campaign

The allied campaign to take Italy. It took 18 months, from 1943-1944. Italy surrendered after many beach landings and other dangerous tactics.

The Naval Crisis

Sir Wilfred Lauriers problem with choosing to build Canadas navy, or Britain`s navy.

Women`s Christian Temperance Union

A group of almost 250,000 women trying to create a alcohol free world.

Henri Bourrassa

Led the opposition to forced consription.

Clifford Sifton

One of the ablest politicians of his time, he is best known for his aggressive promotion of immigration to settle the Prairie West.

Louis Riel

Metis founder of the Manitoba and North-West rebellions.

North American Free Trade Agreement

An agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico that created the world's largest free trade zone.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid.

Emily Murphy

a Canadian women's rights activis. In 1916, she became the first woman magistrate in Canada, and in the British Empire. She is best known for her contributions to Canadian feminism, specifically to the question of whether women were "persons" under Canadian law.

Hong Kong Defense

The Fall of Hong Kong. Defense against the British and Canadains.

Oka Crisis

The standoff between the Mohawk People and the town of Oka, Quebec.

Charlottetown Accord

Recognized Quebec as a distinct society.

Vietnam War

France tried to keep control of SE Asia.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Suez Crisis

The Leader of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal on Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations.