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Factors influencing growth & development
socioeconomic level
parent-child relationship
family position
health/genetics
nutrition
genetics
temperament
chronological age is not equal to
developmental age
Cephalocaudal
head to lower extremities
Proximodistal
starts in the center and proceeds to the periphery
example: movement and control of the trunk, then the arms, and later fine movements of the fingers
Differentiation
simple to complex progression of achievement of developmental milestones
example: the child learns to crawl before learning to walk
infant
birth to 1 year
toddler
1 to 3 years
preschool
3 to 6 years
school-age
6 to 12 years
adolescence
12 to 18 years
2-3 months fine motor skills
grasp toys, open and close hands
eyes follow object
blow bubbles
2-3 months gross motor skills
raises head and chest when lying on stomach
supports upper body with arms when lying on the stomach
stretches legs out and kicks when lying on stomach or back
6-8 months fine motor skills
bangs objects on the table
can transfer objects from hand to hand
start of pincer grasp
6-8 months gross motor skills
can roll from side to side
can sit unsupported by 7 or 8 months
supports whole weight on legs
1 year fine motor skills
can hold crayons, may mark on paper
begins to use objects correctly
1 year gross motor skills
pulls self up to stand
walks holding on to furniture
may walk two or three steps independently
2-3 years fine motor skills
learning to dress self
can draw a simple shape (e.g circle)
2-3 years gross motor skills
jumps, kicks ball, learning to pedal tricycle
4-5 years fine motor skills
dresses independently
use scissors
learning to tie shoes
brushes teeth
4-5 years gross motor skills
goes up and down stairs independently
throws a ball overhand
hops on one foot
weight for birth to 1 year
doubles by 6 months
triples by 1 year
height for birth to 1 year
Increase by 1 foot by 1 year of age
teeth for birth to 1 year
Erupt by 6 months
has 6-8 teeth by 1 year of age
weight for toddler 1-3 years
gains 8oz or more a month from 1-2 years
gains 3-5 lbs a year from 2-3 year
height for toddler 1-3 years
from 1-2 yr--grows 3-5 inches
from 2-3 yr--grows 2-2.5 inches per year
teeth for toddler 1-3 years
by 3 years, has 20 teeth
weight for preschool & school-age (3-12)
gains 3-5lb a year
height for preschool & school-age (3-12)
grows 1.5-2.5 inches a year
weight for adolescence 12-18 years
girls: 15-55 lbs
boys: 15-65 lbs
height for adolescence 12-18 years
girls: 2-8 inches
boys: 4.5-12 inches
first stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)
stage 1 of sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 months = reflexes
stage 2 of sensorimotor stage
1-4 months = primary circular reactions
i.e sucking thumb
stage 3 of sensorimotor stage
4-8 months = secondary circular reactions
i.e repeat actions that will trigger a response (child puts a toy rattle in the month)
stage 4 of sensorimotor stage
8-12 months = coordination of secondary schemata
i.e to achieve the desired effect, the child will repeat the action
stage 5 of sensorimotor stage
12-18 months = tertiary circular reactions
i.e making a sound to get the attention from the caregiver
stage 6 of sensorimotor stage
18-24 months = inventions of new means
i.e child learns that objects and symbols represent events
characteristics of sensorimotor stage
During this stage, the child progresses from reflex activity to simple repetitive behaviors
by the end of the stage these should be mastered→
object permanence
understanding of cause and effect
second stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development
pre-operational stage (2-4 years)
third stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development
intuitive thought phase (4-7 years)
fourth stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development
concrete operation stage (7-11 years)
five stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development
formal operational stage (11 years to adulthood)
characteristics of pre-operational stage
egocentric
magical thinking
increase in language development
associates words with objects/symbols
characteristics of intuitive thought
thinks of others
can think of one idea at a time
words used to express thoughts
characteristics of formal operational stage
adaptable and flexible
Use of rational thinking
thinks abstractly
freud’s stage of psychosocial development for infancy
oral stage: comforted through the mouth
i.e biting, chewing, sucking
freud’s stage of psychosocial development for toddler
anal stage: derives gratification from the control of bodily excretions
i.e gratification from voluntarily pooping:)
freud’s stage of psychosocial development for preschool
phallic stage: becomes aware of self as a sexual being
i.e girls may experience penis envy, and wish they had one, and boys suffer from fear of losing the penis.
oedipal complex
attachment of a boy to his mother
electra complex
attachment of a girl to her father
freud’s stage of psychosocial development for school age
latency stage: focuses on peer relationships, emphasis on privacy and understanding the body
freud’s stage of psychosocial development for adolescent
genital stage: focus on genital function and relationships
erikson’s infancy stage of psychosocial developmental
trust vs mistrust
“the child learns to trust as needs are met by caregiver”
erikson’s toddler stage of psychosocial developmental
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
“I am a big kid now”
erikson’s preschool stage of psychosocial developmental
initiative versus guilt
learning right from wrong
erikson’s school-age stage of psychosocial developmental
industry vs inferiority
rule-following behavior
erikson’s adolescent stage of psychosocial developmental
identity vs role confusion
preoccupied with appearance and what other think of them
kohlberg’s first stage of moral developmental
pre-conventional level (2-7 years)
stages and characteristics of pre-conventional level
1: Obedience and punishment orientation
2: individualism and exchange
-follow rules that are set by authority
-adjusts behavior according to right/wrong
kohlberg’s second stage of moral developmental
conventional level (7-12 years)
stages and characteristics of conventional level
3: Good interpersonal relationships
4: Maintaining the social order
-seeks conformity and loyalty
-follow rules
-Maintain social order
kohlberg’s third stage of moral developmental
post-conventional autonomous level (12 years and older)
stages and characteristics of post-conventional autonomous level
5: social contract and individual rights
6: universal principles
-constructs a personal value system independent of authority figures
Neonatal period (Birth to 1 month)
head is 1/4 of body length
weight 6-8 lbs
length 48-50 cm
head circumference 33-35 cm about 1-2cm greater than chest circumference
how would you measure a neonate head circumference
measure above the eyebrows and around the largest part of the occiput
neonates play:
unoccupied play, mirrors, mobiles that turn and play music
posterior fontanel
closes by 2-3 months a
anterior fontanel
closes by 12-18 months
moro
abduction and extension of arms and legs
disappears by 4-6 months
tonic neck
neonate assumes fencing position with arms and legs extended in the direction in which the head is turned
disappears by 4-6 months
when does grasp reflex disappear?
by 3 months
when does rooting reflex disappear?
by 4 months
babinski
hyperextension and fanning toes
disappears by 1 year
what age do infants roll back to side?
4 months (at risk for falls)
what age do infants sit alone without support?
7-8 months
what age do infants crawl with abdomen on floor?
10 months
what age do infants walk well with one hand held?
12 months
2-3 month fine motor development
brings hands to midline
4-6 month fine motor development
holds bottle, grasps objects
6-8 month fine motor development
transfers hand to hand
8-10 month fine motor development
pincer grasp well developed
10-12 month fine motor development
places objects into containers
infancy nutrition:
NO SOLIDs before 6 months
Solid #1 iron-fortified rice, cereal 4-6 mon
Solid #2 veggies and fruits 6-8 mon
After 6 months--100% fruit juice limited
*citrus fruits, meat and eggs not until after 6 month
cooked chopped table food by 9 months
no tylenol or ibuprofen before
6 months
object permanence
the process by which infants learn that an object still exists when it is out of view (9-10 months)
seperation
infants learn to separate themselves from other objects in their environment
what is an infants first form of communication?
crying
you will hear an infant pronounce single-syllable words when?
near 12 months
stranger fear?
6-8 months--when infants have te ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people
safety precaution for infants
cribs must have mattresses down and rails up with slats no more than 2 3/8 in apart
nothing in crib!!!
car seats: rear facing
infancy play:
rattles, teething toys, nesting toys, pat-a-cake, solitary play
infancy pain:
increase BP and HR and decrease in o2 stat
FLAC scale or IMPASS scale for pain scale
toddler (1-3 years)
anterior fontanel closed by 18 months
weight at 30 months time = 4 x birth weight
height= 3in per year
toddlers cognitive:
memories of events can relate
domestic mimicry
can imitate seen activities t
toddlers language:
1 year: 5 words
2 year: 2-3 word sentences
3 years: combines words to simple sentences
toddles motor skills
walks alone by 15 months
18 months run clumsily
2 years walk up and down stairs, run and jump
ritualism for toddlers is used to
maintain sameness and reliability, provides sense of comfort
nutrition for toddlers:
no bottle to bed!
picky eaters
feeds self completely by 3 years
hot water heater no more than ______ for safety precautions
120 degrees
toddler play:
Parallel play--playing side by side but not with each other
imitate adults in play
blocks, thick crayons, tossing balls, finger paints