Gilded Age

Urbanization

The growth of cities.

Industrialization

The growth of industry and machinery as a factor of production.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's domestic policy that contained three main goals: conserving natural resources, more control over large companies, and consumer protection.

Progressivism

The Progressive Movement sought to solve the social, economic, and political problems that grew out of the rapid growth of cities and industry.

Settlement House

A place in Chicago for poor immigrants (mainly women and children) to learn English and other skills, where children received an education.

Temperance movement

A movement led by women advocating for prohibition (no alcohol).

Muckrakers

Journalists who investigated social problems, political corruption, and economic scandals.

Pure Food and Drug Act

An act passed in 1906 by Congress and signed by Roosevelt, aimed at regulating food and drug safety.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld state-mandated segregation laws as not violating the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause.

Upton Sinclair’s 'The Jungle'

A book that exposed the filthy conditions of the meat-packing industry.

Meat Inspection Act

An act passed in 1906 by Congress and signed by Roosevelt to ensure quality and safety in the meatpacking industry.

16th Amendment

Allowed Congress to lay and collect taxes on incomes.

17th Amendment

Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Working conditions

Conditions in which workers operated, often characterized by exploitation and unsanitary environments.

Ida Tarbell

An investigative journalist who exposed the corrupt practices of J.D. Rockefeller in her work 'The History of the Standard Oil Company'.

Jacob Riis

An author who wrote 'How the Other Half Lives', highlighting the poor living conditions in NYC tenements.

Tenements

Poorly built apartment buildings commonly found during the Gilded Age.

Causes of the Progressive Era

Social, economic, and political problems from the Gilded Age were addressed during this period.

Progressive Party

A political group that included educated, urban, middle-class individuals, journalists, and politicians like Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Legislation that prohibited Chinese immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens.

Angel Island

The immigration processing station for Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast of the U.S.

Nativists/Nativism

The policy that protects the interests of native-born inhabitants against immigrants.

Ellis Island

The immigration processing station for European immigrants arriving on the East Coast of the U.S.

Push Factors

Reasons that compel people to leave their home country, such as wars and political tyranny.

Pull Factors

Attractions that draw people to a new country, such as democracy and job opportunities.

Laissez-faire

The economic principle that government should interfere as little as possible in business.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which aims to secure equal rights and protections under the law.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A tragic event that resulted in the deaths of 150 employees, mostly young women.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to collectively advocate for improved working conditions.

Progressive Presidents

The three notable presidents of the Progressive Era: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

Prohibition

The legal act of prohibiting the consumption of alcohol, established by the 18th Amendment.

Tammany Hall

The political machine associated with Boss William Tweed in New York City.

Boss William Tweed

A corrupt political leader who controlled New York City’s finances and accepted bribes.

Jane Adams

A social activist known for founding Hull House in Chicago.

Monopoly

A market structure where a single business has total control over a sector of the economy.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Legislation that prohibits monopolistic practices and promotes competition in the marketplace.