Anatomy chp 1

Anatomy studies the ____ of the body whereas physiology studies the _____ of the body

form and structures, functions

2 major types of anatomy

microscopic, gross

Microscopic anatomy examines ____, _____

structures invisible to the naked eye, specimens under a microscope

Divisions of microscopic anatomy

cytology, histology

cytology definition

the study of body cells and internal structures

histology definition

study of tissues

Macroscopic anatomy, aka _____

gross anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy studies ____, _____

structures visible to the naked eye, specimens dissected for examination

Macroscopic anatomy is divided into _____ , ____, _____, and _____ anatomy

systemic, regional, surface, comparative, embryology

systemic anatomy definition

anatomy of each body system

Regional anatomy definition

structures of body regions

Surface anatomy definition

superficial anatomical markings and internal body structure

comparative anatomy

anatomical similarities and differences in different species

embryology definition

study of developmental changes from conception to birth

Divisions of anatomy focused on diagnosis and research are_____ and ______

Pathologic, radiographic

pathologic anatomy definition

macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

Radiographic anatomy definition

internal structures visualized by scanning technology

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology

anatomy is the study of form and structure, physiology is the study of function

How might knowledge of surface anatomy be important for a healthcare worker during a CPR emergency

Answer!

Form and and function are interrelated, meaning that ______ them is the best way to study both

integrating

Form _____ function

follow

what is the meaning of ‘form follows function’

structures are designed to perform their specific function

what is the meaning of “form allows function”

once we understand structure we can understand its functions

compare and contrast how anatomists and physiologists describe the small intestine

anatomists describe it by form and structure, physiologists describe it by function

common properties of all organisms

organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction

metabolism can be divided into ____ and ____

anabolism, catabolism

anabolism

small molecules joined to form larger ones

catabolism

large molecules broken down into smaller ones

metabolism definition

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

what does it mean for an organism to be responsive

sense and react to stimuli

homeostasis definition

ability to maintain body structure and function

what does reproduction mean

the ability to produce new cells AND produce sex cells

levels of organization, from simple to complex

cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

“tissues” definition

similar cells performing common functions

organs can be defined as

multiple tissues working together

organ systems can be defined as

multiple organs working together

an organismal level of organization can be defined as

organ systems functioning together

There are 11 systems of the human body. They are:

integumentary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

lymphatic

respiratory

urinary

digestive

male and female reproductive

Study prompt: practice labelling of the 11 body system components

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basic inclusions of the muscular system

pectoralis major muscle

aponeurosis

tendons

sartorious muscle

Basic inclusions of the nervous system

sense organs

brain

spinal cord

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

nerves

basic inclusions of the endocrine system

hypothalamus

pineal gland

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

thymus

adrenal glands

pancreas

kidney

testes

Basic inclusions of cardiovascular systems

heart

blood vessels

Basic inclusions of the respiratory system

nasal cavity

nose

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

lungs

Basic inclusions of the lymphatic system

tonsils

cervical lymph nodes

thymus

auxiliary lymph nodes

thoracic duct

spleen

inguinal lymph nodes

popliteal lymph node

lymph vessel

basic inclusions of the urinary system

kidney

ureter

urinary bladder

urethra

basic inclusions of the digestive system

salivary gland

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

liver

stomach

large intestine

small intenstine

Basic inclusions of the male reproductive system

ductus deferens

prostate gland

urethra

testes

seminal vesicle

epididymis

penis

scrotum

basic inclusions of the female reproductive system

mammary glands

ovaries

uterus

uterine tube

vagina

external genitalia

What does it mean if an organism is responsive and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of the organism

responsive = sense and react to stimuli

• react to environment means adjust body system functions, assists in survival and adaptation to change

what organ system is responsible for filtering blood and remaining waste products of blood as urine

urinary system

What is anatomic position

upright stance

feet flat and parallel to floor

upper limbs at sides of the body

palms face anteriorly

head is level

eyes looking forward

Slices of the body are called ____ or _____

sections, planes

difference between a section and a plane

a section is an actual cut slice that exposes internal anatomy, a plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body

types of planes

coronal, transverse, sagittal, midsagittal, oblique

Coronal plane, aka ____

frontal

coronal plane is vertical, dividing the body into ____ and ____ halves

anterior, posterior

transverse plane is cross-sectional, dividing the body horizontally into ____ and _____ parts

superior, inferior

midsagittal plane is a vertical divide in the middle, dividing the body into ___ and ___ halves

left and right

the difference between the sagittal and midsagittal plane

the sagittal is parallel to the mid sagittal but not equal down the middle

the oblique plane passes through the body _____

at an angle

study prompt- sketch and label the planes on the body

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anterior =

in front of

posterior =

behind

dorsal =

in the back

ventral =

from the belly side

true/false in 2 legged animals dorsal & posterior and Ventral & anterior are the same

true

proximal =

closer to the point of reference

distal =

farther from the point of reference

medial =

towards the midline of the body

lateral =

away from the midline of the body

study prompt: label the relative positions on the body

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the human body is partitioned into two main regions: the ____ and ____ regions

axial, appendicular

the axial region of the body includes these structures ____ and forms the ____ of the body

head, neck, and trunk

main vertical axis

the appendicular region includes these structres

The upper and lower limbs

The anterior view of the cephalic region: Frontal = _____, orbital = _____, nasal = _____, buccal = _____, oral = _____, mental = _____

forehead, eye, nose, cheek, mouth, chin

the cervial region refers to the

neck

the anterior view of the upper extremity: Deltoid = ___, brachial = ____, antecubital = ___, olecranal = ____, antebracial = ____, carpal = ____, dorsum = _____, manus = ____, palmar = _____, digital =_____

shoulder, arm, front of elbow, elbow, forearm, wrist, back of the hand, hand, palm, finger

The anterior view of the thoracic region: axillary = ____, mammary = ____, pectoral = _____, sternal = ____

armpit, breast, chest, sternum

the abdominal region refers to the _____

abdomen

anterior view of the pelvic region: coxal = ___, inguinal = _____

hip, groin

anterior view of the lower extremity: femoral = ____, patellar = ____, popliteal = _____, crucal = _____, sural = ____, calcaneal = ____, plantar surface = _____, pes = ____, tarsal = ____, dorsum = ____, digital = ____

thigh, knee cap, posterior of knee, leg (shin), calf, heel, sole, foot, ankle, of the foot, toe

Posterior view of the cephalic region: cranial = ____, occipital = ____, auricular = ____

surrounding of brain, back of the head, ear

posterior view of the thoracic region refers to

upper back area excluding spinal cord

posterior view of vertebral region =

spinal cord

posterior view of abdominal region =

lower back excluding spinal ridge

posterior view of lumbar region =

lower back spinal region

posterior view of sacral region =

Area between upper buttocks and lower back

posterior view of gluteal region =

buttocks

perineal region =

taint

posterior view of the upper extremity: deltoid = ____, brachial = ____, antecubital = ____, olecranial = ______, antebrachial = ______, carpal = _____, dorsum of the hand = ____, manus = ____, palmar = ____, digital = _____

shoulder, arm, front of elbow, elbow, forearm, wrist, back of hand, hand, palm, finger

posterior view of the lower extremity: femoral = ____, patellar = _____, popiliteal = ____, crucal = ____, sural = ____, calcaneal = ____, plantar surface = _____, pes = ____, torsal = ___, dorsum = ____, digital = ____

thigh, kneecap, posterior of knee, leg, calf, heel, sole, foot, ankle, back of foot, toe

study prompt: label the different regions and areas on ben with washable marker ( or on print out)

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internal organs are housed within _____

cavities

body cavities are named according to

the surrounding structures

body cavitites are grouped into a _____ and ______

posterior aspect, ventral cavity

a posterior aspect is ______

completely encased in bone

is the brain within a posterior cavitites or ventral cavitiy

posterior aspect

true/false posterior cavities are physically and developmentally distinct from ventral cavities

true

the posterior cavity can be subdivided into the _____ and the _____

cranial cavity, vertebral canal