Revolutions

Philosophe

people who challenged thoughts in the 18th century french revolution (voltaire, rousseau, etc)

Salon

private meeting/gathering during the french revolution

Natural rights

universal rights (life, liberty, property)

social contract

 people follow laws in exchange for protection from the government

john locke

life liberty property

thomas hobbes

social contract

baron de montesquieu

separation of powers

voltaire

freedom of speech, freedom of religion, separation between the church and everyone

mary wollestonecraft

advocate for human + women’s rights and education

cesare beccaria

innocent until proven guilty, no harsh punishment

English (Glorious)  Revolution

Causes and effects

England was divided over support for Charles I, caused Civil War because Charles I had parliament arrested for trying to limit his power

English (Glorious) Revolution

English Bill of Rights

William and Mary II agreed to rule as Constitutional Monarchs and instituted England’s Bill of Rights, similar to U.S bill of rights

English (Glorious)  Revolution

William and Mary

Parliament wrote a letter to his James II’s daughter Mary, who was ruling in Netherlands, Mary and her husband gathered an army and moved toward England and James II fled to France!

English (Glorious)  Revolution

James II

Charles II’s brother

Overly Catholic for a very Protestant England

French Revolution

causes and effects

riots, high taxes, unfair treatment due to social system, bad economy

French Revolution

old regime

outdated social system (first estate = clergy, second estate = nobility, third estate = majority of population)

French Revolution

bourgeoisie

middle class (bankers, merchants, etc)

French Revolution

3 estate classes

 first estate were wealthy, second estate had limited rights, third estate made up of middle class and peasants

French Revolution

tennis court oath

third estate vowed not to disband until a new constitution was drafted

French Revolution

storming of the bastille

people stormed the bastille to get gunpowder and weapons

French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

document that was influenced by enlightenment ideas

French Revolution

Reign of Terror

led by Robespierre, mass executions of “enemies” using the guillotine

French Revolution

Maximillian Robespierre

was an advocate for civil rights, etc and led the reign of terror, eventually executed

French Revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte

leader of France by overthrowing the government, was at war a lot, led to economic decline, expanded military, was forced to leave

French Revolution

Napoleonic Code

 law system, established unification, equality, allowed slavery and limited rights of women

French Revolution

Peninsular War

due to invasion of spain and portugal, fought in iberian peninsula against invading forces (spain and portugal) which drained french resources

French Revolution

Continental System

napoleon banned trade with europe during war

Haitian Revolution

Causes

Effects

Causes - slavery and racial hierarchy, enslaved people were badly treated on plantations and wanted freedom + equality

Effects - created the independent Republic of Haiti, slavery was abolished

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint Louverture

general + leader, led slave revolt

Haitian Revolution

Haitian Constitution

abolished slavery

Latin American

Peninsulares

spanish aristocrats

Latin American

Creoles

descendants of peninsulares

Latin American

Mestizos

caucasian/indian

Latin American

Mulattos

caucasian/african

Latin American

Peninsular War (role of Napoleon in Haitian and Latin American Revolutions)

fought in the iberian peninsula, Napoleon was frustrated by portugal's defiance of his Continental Blockade against trade with Great Britain

What is common to ALL revolutions? What commonly causes revolutions and what are some common outcomes/ changes? 

• People not having enough power in the government

• Disagreement between the people and the government

• Unfair social hierarchy/social classes

• Unfair taxing/laws/etc that do not benefit the lower class

• Laborers

• Enlightenment ideas

• Violence

• Changes to the government (ex: structure, leaders, etc)

• Changes to the rights of the people

  • Enlightenment ideas being implemented into the government

What enlightenment ideas were MOST impactful in the revolutionary period as evidenced by revolutionary acts and documents? 

• Individual freedoms (ex: haitian revolution + french because of social structure)

  • Social contract (even higher groups in status must follow rules, haitian and french revolutions)