Chapter 1

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts

Physiology

The study of body function

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

the study of large, visible structures

Regional Anatomy

looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

System Anatomy

looks at just one system

Surface Anatomy

looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Cytology

microscopic study of cells

Histology

microscopic study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Embryology

study of developments before birth

Chemical Level

atoms, molecules, and organelles

Cellular Level

single cell

Tissue Level

groups of similar cells

Organ Level

contains two or more types of tissues

Organ System Level

organs that work closely together

Organism Level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

Maintaining Boundaries

Seperation between internal and external environments

Maintaining Boundaries

Plasma membranes seperate cells

Maintaining Boundaries

Skin seperates organism from environment

Movement

Muscular sysytem

Contractility refers to

Movement

Responsiveness

ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Responsiveness

withdrawl reflex (prevents injury)

Responsiveness

breathing rate changes

Digestion

absorbtion of simple molecules into blood

Metabolism

summ of all chemical reaction

Catabolism

breakdown of molecules such as proteins and amino acids

Anabolism

synthesis of molecules such as protein and amino acids

Excretion

removal of wastes such as nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, fecal matters, etc.

Reproduction

division of cells for growth or repair

Carbohydrates

major source of energy

Proteins

needed for cell building and source of energy

Fats

long term energy storage

Minerals annd vitamins

involved in chemical reactions

Normal body temp

37 degrees Celsius

Homestasis

the maintenance of relitiveley stable internal conditions

Homestasis

state of equilibrium

Nervous and endocrine systemms play a major role in

Homestasis

Variables

factors that can change

Receptor

senses environment and responds to stimuli

Control Centers

recieve input from receptors and determine appropriate responses

Effectors

revieve output from control center and respond (reduces stimuli)

Homeostatic Imbalances

disrupt organ function and may cause damage to the body including death

Standard Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

Directional Terms

describe one body structure in relation to another body structure

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Medial

toward the center

Lateral

toward the side

Ipsilateral

located on the same side

Contralateral

located of the opposite side

Intermediate

between medial and lateral

Proximal

closer to the trunk

Distal

further from the trunk

Trunk

center of body

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

further from the surface

Axial

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular

limbs

Sagittal Plane

divides body vertically into right and left parts

Sagittal Plane

Produces sagittal section

Midsagittal (median) Plane

when cut is made perfectly on midline

Parasagittal Plane

When cut was off centered (not on midline)

Frontal (coronal) Plane

divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

Frontal (coronal) Plane

produces a frontal or coronal section

Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

Transverse (horizontal) plane

produces a cross section

Oblique section

result of cuts at an angle

Cephalic

head

Orbital

eye/cavity

Mental

chin

Cervical

neck

Thoracic

chest

Sternal

sternum

Axillary

arm pit

Mammary

breast

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel

Pelvic

Below abdomin/pelvic

Inguinal

Pubic

Acromial

tip of shoulder

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Olecranon

elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Digital

finger

Coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

Patellar

knee

Popliteal

back of knee

Crural

leg

Sural

calf

Fibular(peroneal)

lateral sid eof leg

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

Calcaneal

hill

Metatarsal

instep of foot