Deutorstomes

Deutorostomes

Deutorostomes

Blastopore becomes anus and mouth is formed from second opening that develops

what are the four phyla of deuterostomes?

Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbellida, Chordata

echindoderms

spiny skin or rough skin, they are all marine animals

What symmetry do echinoderms have?

radial symmetry more specifically pentaradial symmetry

what is the skeleton of echinoderms?

they have an endoskeleton

endoskeleton

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

what system do echinoderms have?

water vascular system

placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

why do sharks have buoyancy?

because of low-density oils in the large liver

Facts/features about sharks

acute sense of smell and sound and sense electrical fields

spiral valve

corkscrew-shaped ridge that increase surface area and prolongs the passage of food along the short digestive tract

what is the most successful vertebrate lineage

actinopterygii

what animals are actinopterygii

ray-finned fishes

Swim Bladder

an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy

gestation

development period where offspring emerges from the mothers body

why are they bilaterian?

because their larvae are bilaterally symmetric

Adult echinoderms are..

radially symmetric

tube feet

part of the water vascular system that is elongated fluid-filled structures

What kind of feet do echinoderms have?

podia and tube feet

podia

sections of the tube feet that project outside the body and are involved in motion along a substrate

What is the endoskeleton composed of?

calcium carbonate

synapomorphy of echinoderms

water vascular system and endoskeleton

What does starfish podia help them with?

opening shells by pulling them apart

how do they obtain food?

the podia can flick food into cillia and then the mouth, they can open shells

Lineages of Echinodermata

crinoidea, asteroidea, opiuroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea

what do brittle stars look like?

What is the most abundant species of echinoid?

sea urchins

what phylum do sea urchins belong to?

echinoidea

what phylum do sea stars belong to?

asteroidea

Synapomory/ defining features of Chordata

pharyngeal gill slits, nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail

fish belong to what phylum

Chordata

what are the three major lineages of chordata

cephalochordates, urochordates and vertebrates

cephalochordates

small mobile suspension feeders that resemble fish

urochordates

A chordate without a backbone, commonly called a tunicate, a sessile marine animal.

to which group do sea squirts and salps belong to?

urochordata

what is the difference between sea squirts and salps?

sea squirts live on the ocean floor and salps live in the open ocean

vertebrates

dorsal hollow nerve cord elaborated into spinal cord

Are Urochordates sessile or motile?

they are sessile when adults

Cephalochordata

a chordate clade whose members possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage

what are the synapomorphies of vertebrates?

have vertebrae and cranium

what are the three regions of the brain

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

forebrain

houses the sense of smell

midbrain

associated with vision

hindbrain

responsible for balance and hearing

what are the most species rich and ecologically diverse vertebrate lineages?

ray-finned fishes and tetrapods

what is the air bladder?

what developed first in vertebrates?

bony exoskeleton

what was the function of bony endoskeleton?

to support movement and rapid swimming

what is the function of the air bladder?

keel

a projection off the bird sternum that provides surface area for muscle attachment of the wings

amnion

protective inner membrane where the embryo develops

yolk sac

contains nutrients for the embryo

allantois

waste storage

chorion

allows gas exchange

albumen

a membrane-bound supply of water in a protein-rich solution

true or false: birds are endothermic and exothermic

false they are only endothermic

amniotic egg

A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land

oviparous

egg laying animals

viviparous

species that give birth

ovoviviparous

female produces an egg with a nutrient-rich yolk and retains it within her body

parental care

any action by a parent that improves the ability of its offspring to survive

what are the only vertebrates that lack jaws

hagfish and lampreys

what are the 3 lineages of mammals?

monotremata, marsupiala, eutheria

endothermy

regulate their body temps with internally generated heat

3 distinguishing characteristics of mammals

insulating hair, endothermy, mammary glands

what grouping are mammals

monophyletic

most ancient mammals

monotremes

examples of eutheria

monkeys,

examples of marsupials

opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

Examples of monotremata

platypus, echidna

key feature of monotremes

lay eggs and have low metabolic rates

viviporus

live birth

what group are retilia

monophyletic

diapsids

two holes on each side of skull

synapsids

one hole on each side of skull

which are diapsid and synapsid

reptiles diapsid, mammals are synapsids

4 major lineages of reptiles

lizards/snakes, turtles, crocodiles/alligators, birds

ectothermic

do not use internally generated heat to regulate body temp (cold-blooded)

are birds under reptilia?

yes

examples of birds

albatross,

how are tortoises and turtles differentiated

bony plate

birds descended from?

feathered dinosaurs

birds are the only

endotherms within the reptilia

Features of Crocodilians

eyes located on the top of the head and nostrils located at the top of their long snouts

true or false: all crocodilians are predators

true

which group are the only endotherms within reptilia

birds

the primate lineages consist of what two groups

prosimians and anthropoids

Prosimians

before monkeys, ex. lemurs

anthropoids

human like

ex. new world monkeys, apes and humans

where do prosimians live?

africa, madagascar and south asia

what are some defining characteristics of primates?

hands/feet for grasping, color vision, large brain, paternal care

what are great apes also called

hominids

what is a synapomorphy that defines hominins (humans)

bipedalism

What four groups are hominins (humans organized in)

Australopithecus, paranthropus, early homo, recent homo

What is australopithecus composed of?

four species of small apes called gracile australopithecines

what is paranthropus composed of?

bipedal robust australopithecines

what is early homo composed of?

first humans

what is recent homo composed of?

1.2 mya to present humans includes neanderthals

out of Africa hypothesis

scenario for the evolution of homo sapiens