HPNU 2050 Final Exam

what is the definition of nutrition?

science of food, relationship to health and disease, metabolism

what is the leading cause of death?

heart disease

what is the second leading cause of death?

cancer

how many calories from protein?

4

how many calories from CHO?

4

how many calories from fat?

9

how many calories from alcohol?

7

what are the components of the scientific method?

observation, ask question, form hypothesis, experiment, look at results

what are phytonutrients?

plant chemical nutrients

what are zoonutrients?

animal chemical nutrients

what is the DRI?

dietary reference intake; process to figure out how much of a certain nutrient you need

what is the RDA?

recommended dietary allowance; not required but recommendation that covers 97-98% of population

what is the EAR?

estimated average; applies to about 50% of population; mean of a nutrient

what is the AI?

adequate intake; used when RDA is not available

what is the UL?

upper limit; tolerable upper limit

what is the ADMR for CHO?

45-65%

what is the ADMR for PRO?

10-35%

what is the ADMR for FAT?

20-35%

what are the proportions of food on myplate?

half fruits and vegetables

What are the two classifications of carbohydrates?

Simple and complex

what are the monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

what are the disaccharides?

sucrose, lactose, maltose

what makes up lactose?

1 glucose and 1 galactose

what makes up sucrose?

1 glucose and 1 fructose

what makes up maltose?

2 glucoses

What type of bonding do amylose and amylopectin have?

Amylose= alpha 1-4 bonds

Amylopectin= alpha 1-6 bonds with branches

what are soluble fibers?

lowers cholesterol and dissolves in water; inside of an apple, applesauce, beans, oatmeal

what are insoluble fibers?

reduce the risk of colon cancer and do not dissolve in water; nuts and seeds, vegetable stalks

what is the number for fasting blood glucose? pre-diabetic? diabetic?

70-99

120-124

125 and above

what does glucagon do?

increases blood glucose

what does insulin do?

decreases blood glucose

where are glucagon and insulin produced?

pancreas

what is the storage form of glucose in the body?

glycogen

which type of diabetes is more common?

type 2 diabetes (80% due to obesity)

what is protein sparing?

eating enough carbohydrates to spare protein to build, repair, enzymes, hormones, and transport

What do cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone, and norepinephrine do to blood glucose?

They all increase it

What does the body run on?

It runs on glucose

which fatty acid raises cholesterol?

saturated fatty acids

what food source is highest in saturated fat?

animal products (fish has the lowest)

what is hydrogenation?

take a liquid fat and make it solid at room temperature by adding hydrogens to it to make a trans fat

how do trans fatty acids affect lipoproteins

increase LDL and decrease HDL

what does omega 3 do?

dilate and open vessels, do not form blood clots, reduce cardiovascular disease and strokes

what does omega 6 do?

vasoconstriction, more blood clots, increase cardiovascular tissue

What is the difference between the receptor-mediated uptake of cholesterol and the scavenger pathway?

\-LDL has a B100 on it and can attach to a B100 receptor in the liver and can go into a cell

\-Uptake of extra LDL and turns it into foam cells, which later turns into plaque

what are LDLs?

low density lipoproteins composed mostly of cholesterol

what are HDLs?

high density lipoproteins that pick up excess cholesterol and take it back to the liver, composed of protein mostly

what are chylomicrons?

mostly composed of triglycerides, come from the gut and have b48 on it

what are VLDLs?

very low density lipoproteins composed mainly of triglycerides that come out of the liver and into circulatory system to from LDLs

what is LPL-lipoprotein lipase?

enzyme that takes of triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDL

what is the recommendation for saturated fat?

Less than 10%

what is the recommendation for monounsaturated fat?

up to 20%

what is the recommendation for polyunsaturated fat?

up to 10%

which form of fat do we eat and store in the body?

triglycerides

what are desirable blood cholesterol levels?

200mg/dL or below

what is the suggested intake of dietary cholesterol?

300 mg

What levels of HDL do you want?

\-You typically want higher than 40

\-60 or above is a protective effect

What levels of LDL do you want?

\-Below 100 is optimal

\-Desirable is below 130

\-High is 160-189

\-Very high is 190 and above

where does protein digestion begin?

stomach

What pancreatic enzymes are used to digest proteins in the small intestines?

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsin

What foods contain all 9 essential amino acids?

Animal proteins, soy, and quinoa

What are the semi-essential amino acids?

Cysteine and tyrosine

what is the protein requirement?

0.8 grams per kg of body weight

how many kg in one pound?

2.2 kg

what is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

DNA holds the code which is copied on mRNA, mRNA lines up amino acids to make protein

what distinguishes the differences in amino acids?

R group

20 different AA’s, so 20 different R groups

which amino acid turns on muscle protein synthesis?

leucine

what is transamination?

transferring the amine group to another carbon group to make another amino acid

why is transamination important?

essential to make non-essential amino acids

what are two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein

beans and ricepeanut butter and breadpasta and seeds

what is the protein intake of most americans?

excess

what foods contain all 9 essential amino acids?

animal products

what happens when you consume too much protein?

stored as fat

what are villi and function?

fingerlike projections that produce enzymes to digest food coming by

how long do gut cells survive?

2-4 days

where does most digestion of the food occur?

small intestine and duodenum and upper jejunum

where does glycolysis start and end?

starts with glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate (occurs in cytosol)

where do the fatty acids enter into the krebs cycle?

at acetyl co-a

what is beta oxidaton?

taking fatty acid chain and chopping it off 2 carbons at a time

what is the electron transport chain?

where ATP is generated in the mitochondria

what is gluconeogensis? what substrate is used to fuel it?

\-making new glucose from proteins, turned on when you haven't eaten enough carbs or starvation mode

\-protein

what is the rate limiting step in the Krebs cycle?

OAA

how is metabolism regulated?

enzymes, hormones, concentration of ATP and ADP

What is the best food source of Thiamin?

Pork

what is a food source of B12?

animal products

what is the function of Vitamin C?

formation of collagen, immune system

which vitamin has a function of being an antioxidant?

Vitamin E

What vitamin taken in large amounts causes permanent nerve damage?

Vitamin B6

what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?

folate

what are the functions of B12?

activates folate and maintains myelin sheath

what vitamin is necessary to avoid night blindness?

Vitamin A

what is a classic sign of ariboflavinosis?

cracks on corner of mouth

which vitamin controls calcium uptake from the intenstines?

Vitamin D

which vitamin is synthesized by the intestinal tract?

Vitamin K

what vitamin is necessary for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

peak bone mass occurs at what age range?

14-25

what percentage of calcium is in the bones and teeth?

99%, other 1% is in the blood

what food source of calcium has the highest bioavailability?

dairy

who is more likely to develop osteoporosis?

women, post menopause, petite, history, ethnicity, alcohol, smoking, calcium intake

what compounds prevent calcium from being absorbed?

oxalic acid; leafy greens (spinach)

what are the two types of bone that osteoporosis effects?

cortical and trabecular