chapter 6

anabolism (definition + use)

• use of energy to synthesize new molecules

• required for growth, reproduction, cell repair

catabolism (definition + use)

• release of energy by from breaking complex molecules

• used to provide organism energy to move, transport stuff, and anabolism

autotrophy

makes its own molecules from carbon from inorganic sources. ex: carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur

heterotrophy

forms molecules using carbon got from organic compounds

chemo- vs photo-

• chemo —> get energy from oxidizing outside sources of carbon

• photo —> get energy from light

glycolysis

• universal first step in any kind of metabolism

• breaks down glucose (has 6C) into 2 molecules with 3C

• does not need oxygen so used by both aerobes and an-

• YIELDS 2 ATP --> low energy

Krebs cycle

takes product of glycolysis and produced ATP

oxidative phosphorylation/electron transport chain

• Leads the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2

• Produces a maximum 38 ATP

carbohydrate

An organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1

steps for carbohydrate catabolism when using oxygen

1. glycolysis

2. Kreb's cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain/ oxidative phosphorylation

   1. transports electrons from compound to O2

   2. Produces 38 ATP

steps for carbohydrate catabolism when not using oxygen

1. Glycolysis

2. Fermentation

   1. used by both robes since it doesn't require oxygen

   2. no ATP created

   3. acid and alcohol are end products

3. Anerobic Respiration

   1. uses that product to make a tiny amount of ATP

amount of ATP produced after Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

produce 36 ATP for eukaryotes and 38 for prokaryotes per glucose molecule but some things leak and it usually is like 29.85

protein

large chains of amino acids

protein catabolism steps

1. Hydrolyze protein so they are just single amino acids

2. remove amino group

3. leftover carbon goes through glycolysis

4. can enter fermentation or the aerobic respiration steps

fat

glyercol (3C) with fatty acid chains connected to it

fat catabolism steps

1. Separate glycerol from fatty acid chains

2. glycerol goes through glycolysis

3. fatty acid chains can go through Krebs cycle and electron transport chain