Neuro test 2 (slides and important info)

featuring the slides and important info

Neural communications are active over

Millimeters

What is the speed of action for Neural communications

milliseconds

What is the spatial extent of Neural communications

precise

What is the effect of Neural communications

All or none

Hormonal communications are active over

meters

What is the speed of action for Hormonal communications

minutes/hours/days

What is the spatial effect of Hormonal communications

diffuses

What is the effect of Hormonal communications

Graded

What does the male orgasm lead to the activation of?

The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

What does the female orgasm lead to the activation of?

Activation of deep cerebellar nuclei and inhibition of orbitofrontal cortex

What is common in both sexes when it comes to sex, smell, aggression, and emotions?

The medial amygdala

For males, which part of the brains size is correlated with sexual activity?

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

For females, which part of the brain is responsible for receptivity to male advances?

The Ventromedial hypothalamus

Which neurotransmitter promotes sexual activity and behaviour?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter decreases sex drive and impairs sexual ability?

Serotonin

When are organizing effects likely to take place?

Before or just after birth

How long do organizing effects take place?

Lifelong thing

Women have greater grey matter in which areas?

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the Superior temporal gyrus

Which hemisphere is thicker in men than women?

The right hemisphere

Women are better are multitasking because of what reason?

They are better connected from the left to the right

What brain region is smaller in homosexual men than in heterosexual men?

INAH3

High estrogen levels associated with what?

Depressed spatial ability and Enhanced speech and manual skill tasks

Which gene drives the development of testes?

SRY Gene

What is the main difference between male and female sexual response curves?

Males have a refractory phase, which creates a delay between orgasm, whereas females do not have a refractory phase

How many levels of sex determination are there?

Seven

What is the first level of sex determination?

Chromosomal Sex

What is the second level of sex determination?

Gondal sex

What is the third level of sex determination?

Internal Sex Organs

What is the fourth level of sex determination?

External Sex Organs

What is the fifth level of sex determination?

Brain sex

What is the sixth level of sex determination?

Gender Identity

What is the seventh level of sex determination?

Gender Preference

Testosterone during second trimester increases cerebral asymmetry via accelerated growth of which hemisphere?

Right hemisphere

What brain region is smaller in homosexual men than in heterosexual men?

INAH3 (aka Sexual Dimorphic Nucleus)

What brain region is the site of primary activation during orgasm?

VTA

What is Hypovolemic Thirst stimulated by?

low extracellular/intravascular volume (sweating, bleeding, loss of volume not the concentration)

What is Osmotic Thirst stimulated by?

high extracellular solute concentration (why you get thirsty after eating something salty, change in concentration not in volume)

What area does angiotensin II act on?

The subfornical organ (SFO)

What hormone is released in response to hypovolemia?

Vasopressin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (same hormone)

Tom fell while he was running and got a fairly large cut. He would likely experience which of the following?

Hypovolemic thirst and increased blood pressure

_________________ is triggered by low extracellular/intravascular volume

Hypovolemic thirst

_________________ is triggered by high extracellular solute concentration

Osmotic thirst

What neuron does leptin target to inhibit from secreting neuropeptides?

AgRP neurons

POMC/ CART neurons produce what to inhibit appetite and stimulate metabolism?

Pro-opiomelanocortin and CART

What is the part of the brain that activates when experiencing disgust?

Insula

At what age is metabolism at its peak?

Birth to age 1

The OVLT cell membrane opens what ion channel in response to osmotic thirst?

Na

What organ is insulin made by?

Pancreas

What is the cellular mechanism of osmotic thirst?

Water pass through the membrane, high solute concentration outside

What detects changes in blood volume?

Baroreceptors

Which part of the brain is responsible for making us feel hungry?

Lateral Hypothalamus

When are ghrelin levels at their highest and lowest points, respectively?

While fasting; While eating

What is one common outcome of patients with either VMH or LH lesions?

Weight stabilizes to a new baseline

What role does leptin play in the mechanism of weight regulation by the NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART neurons?

Leptin stimulates POMC neurons and inhibits AgRP neurons

What are some of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa

Refusal to maintain body weight, Fear of weight gain, Body image disturbance

Teenagers with anorexia have a larger what?

insula and orbitofrontal cortex

What are some symptoms for bullmia?

Recurrent binge eating, Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior (e.g. purging) at least 2x/wk for 3 months

What does the lateral hypothalamus do?

Makes us feel hungry (lesion would make you feel not hungry most of the time, leading to a weight drop)

What does the Ventromedial hypothalamus do?

Tells you when you are full (lesion would mean you would overeat because you can’t tell, making it so that you are more likely to be obese + have a lot more weight gain)

VMH lesions destroy what?

anorexigenic (stops making you hungry) PVN

LH lesions destroy what?

orexigenic (makes you hungry) LHA

What do NPY/AgRP Neurons do?

Stimulate appetite and lower metabolism, leading to weight gain

What do POMC/CART Neurons do?

Inhibit appetite and raise metabolism, leading to weight loss

Leptin is produced by what?

Fat cells (then get secreted into the bloodstream)

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disease that causes persistently elevated ghrelin levels leading to her continuously feeling hungry

People with obesity are what?

leptin-resistant

What is ghrelin?

Released by stomach and gut endocrine cells to stimulate appetite

When do ghrelin levels rise?

During fasting

When do ghrelin levels fall?

after eating

What is glucose

The main body fuel

What are lipids?

Long term stored in fat tissue

When is the metabolism slow?

ages 1 to age 20

When is the metabolism in plateu?

from age 20 to age 60

When does metabolism fall by 1% every year?

From age 60 onwards

POMC/CART neurons in the hypothalamus:

Inhibit appetite and raise metabolism

People with Antisocial Personality Disorder would have

Less Gray matter in the PFC

Where would you expect to find the smallest 2-point discrimination?

Finger Tips

Activation of which brain region results in analgesic effects:

Periaqueductal Gray

What part of the auditory pathway is vital for sound localization?

Superior Olive

Someone with a lesion to Broca’s Area:

Would be able to comprehend language but not produce speech

From outermost to innermost, what is the order of the ossicles?

Malleus, incus, stapes

Which of the following is due to damage to the cochlea?

Sensorineural deafness

What is released by the stomach, as shown here? (in response to hunger)

Ghrelin

Steven was shot in the leg and was bleeding heavily. He felt very thirsty. Steven is experiencing _____ thirst due to decreased blood flow signals detected by ______.

Hypovolemic, subfornical organ

What are osmosensory neurons?

Detects changes in sodium concentration

The posterior pituitary secretes

Vasopressin, oxytocin

Which two brain areas are observed to be larger in gay

men as compared to homosexual men?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior commissure

A delta fibers also carry information from _____

TRP2

TRP2 respond to ____

high temperature

C fibers carry information from______

CMR1 & TRPV1

CMR1 respond to

low temperature

TPRVI responds to

moderate temperature

Most sensory pathways pass through the ______ to end in the _______

Thalamus

Most sensory pathways end in the _______

cerebral cortex

Low frequency sound location is coded by ______

Latency

Latency differences are coded by the medial superior olive

the medial superior olive

Lesions to the angular gyrus would cause what effect?

Patient able to speak and understand, but not read aloud

Your gonadal sex is primarily determined by ________.

Development of testes

What hormone is associated with Cushing’s disease?

ACTH

Angiotensin II results in?

Vasopressin (ADH) release and Triggers drinking via circumventricular organs