Biology Final Review

a tool made up of a series of paired statements that is used to identify an unknown organism

dichotomous key

cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles

eukaryote

list the 6 kingdoms, tell if they are prokaryotic/eukaryotic, multicellular/unicellular, heterotrophic/autotrophic, and an example.

Archaebacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic, extremophiles

Eubacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, most heterotrophic, bacteria

Protista: eukaryotic, unicellular, both, amoeba

Fungi: eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, mold

Plantae: eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, moss

Animalia: eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sponge

who developed binomial nomenclature?

Carl Linnaeus

system used to name organisms using 2 names

binomial nomenclature

what language does a scientific name come from?

Latin

how do you write a scientific name?

Genus: based on major characteristics and capitalized

Species: most specific and lowercase

Both are underlined or capitalized

what is the first word of Binomial Nomenclature?

Genus

what is the second word of Binomial Nomenclature?

Species

the science of naming and classifying animals

taxonomy

list the hierarchical system of classification

domain

kingdom

phylum/division

class

order

family

genus

species

a group that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring

species

what word do plants use instead of phylum?

division

What kingdom did Archaebacteria and Eubacteria used to be in?

Bacteria

What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

archaebacteria are found in extreme conditions and eubacteria is found everywhere on earth.

how are prokaryotes useful to humans?

they contribute to our digestion, nutrient production, and immune system.

live in the presence of air

aerobic

cannot survive with oxygen ex: making cheese, yogurt, and sour cream

obligate anaerobe

can live with or without oxygen ex: e.coli.

facultative anaerobe

poisonous substance that disrupts the metabolism

toxin

found in the cell wall and cannot escape until the cell bursts

endotoxin

secreted into the surrounding area of the bacteria

exotoxin

asexual reproduction

binary fission

an organism that causes disease

pathogen

what is gram-positive?

when the bacteria accepts the stain

what is gram-negative?

when the bacteria rejects the stain

what are the 3 shapes of a bacterial cell?

1. coccus

2. bacillus

3. spirillum

list 3 protists and how do they move?

1. protozoans - cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia

2. phytoflagellates - flagella

3. fungus-like protists - pseudopods "false feet"

Can a euglena see with its eyespot?

No, the red eyespot detects light

single celled animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom protista such as an amoeba

protozoan

plant-like creatures that use photosynthesis to produce food

phytoflagellate

slender filaments in fungi

hyphae

organisms that breaks down and decaying materials into simple molecules that can be reused

decomposers

what are the economic importances of fungi?

they are used in baking, beverage, and drug administrations, and plant growth.

how do fungi get their nutrients?

all fungi are heterotrophs

what is the male part of the flower called?

stamen (anther and filament)

what is the female part of the flower called?

pistil (stigma, style, ovary, and ovule(eggs))

where is the pollen produced?

anther

tissues that move food from the leaves down to the rest of the plant

phloem

tissues that move water from the roots up to the rest of the plant

xylem

live year after year with proper care (purple coneflower)

perennial

only live for one year (marigold)

annual

produces seeds which develop in a fruit "flowering plants" ex: maples and oaks

angiosperm

produce seeds that do not develop in a fruit ex: conifers and pines

gymnosperm

highly nutritious material

endosperm

seed leaf

cotyledon

list 3 parts that help a plant conserve water

1. cuticle

2. stomata

3. guard cells

compare monocots and dicots…number of cotyledons, vein type, vascular bundles, flower parts, and examples

Monocot - one, parallel veins, scattered, 3, tulip and corn

Dicot - two, net-like veins, ring of vascular bundles, 5 or 4, rose and maple

list the 3 organs of a plant

1. root

2. stem

3. leaves

notochord becomes part of the spinal column (backbone)

vertebrae

had a notochord at some point of development but it did not further develop into a backbone

invertebrae

animal without a body cavity

acoelomate

animal with a body cavity

coelomate

what are the 3 embryonic tissue layers?

1. endoderm (innermost layer)

2. mesoderm (middle layer)

3. ectoderm (outermost layer)

which organism is asymmetrical?

porifera (sponges)

are viruses living?

nonliving - they don't meet the characteristics of life

can you kill viruses?

no

can you treat viruses with antibiotics?

yes

can you prevent viruses with a vaccine?

yes

where is the genetic material found in a virus?

DNA or RNA

what distinguishes mammals from other animals?

they have hair on the body and produce milk from mammary glands and lungs for breathing.