Studied by 8 peoplewhat do ribosomes manufacture?
proteins
what structures does the endomembrane system include? Are they all connected?
-nuclear envelope -endoplasmic reticulum(ER) -golgi apparatus -lysosomes -vacuoles -plasma membrane
-no, only two are conncected
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules that is a major manufacturing sites of proteins and membranes
The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous (connected) to what other structures?
ribosomes
What is bound to the rough ER?
ribosomes
what does the rough ER make?
additional membrane for itself and secretory proteins
Enzymes of the smooth ER are important in the synthesis of what?
lipids
What is the golgi apparatus?
A stack of flattened sacks, molecular warehouse
Are the sacs of the Golgi apparatus connected to each other?
no
what are the functions of the golgi apparatus?
molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER
what is a lysosome?
membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
what makes the enzymes and membranes of lysosomes?
Rough ER
what are the functions of lysosomes?
-fuse with food vacuoles and digest food -destroy bacteria -recycle damaged organelles
What are vacuoles?
large vesicles that have a variety of functions
what do protists do with the water they collect from the cell in their contractile vacuoles? what does this prevent the protist from doing?
expels water from the outside and prevents them from bursting
what might a plants large central vacuole contain?
-water -digestive enzymes -pigments -poisons
is there a direct structural connection between the nuclear envelope, rough ER, and smooth ER
yes
how does a protein manufactured by the ER leave the cell? List organelles and cell parts involved
ER ~ transport vesicle ~ golgi apparatus ~ lysosome ~ plasma membrane
What do some vesicles develop into?
lysosomes and vacuoles
What are peroxisomes?
metabolic compartments that break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
What do peroxisomes do?
detoxify harmful compounds
What are mitochondria?
organelles that carry out cellular respiration and convert food energy to chemical energy in nearly all eukaryotic cells
what molecule do mitochondria convert energy into?
ATP
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
2
what does the mitochondrial matrix contain?
DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
what are the folds of the inner membrane (in a mitochondria) called?
cristae
what is the photosynthesizing organelle of plant cells?
Chloroplasts
Note
Flashcard