Hon Biology - Chapter 4: Cells

what do ribosomes manufacture?

proteins

what structures does the endomembrane system include? Are they all connected?

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-vacuoles
-plasma membrane

-no, only two are conncected

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules that is a major manufacturing sites of proteins and membranes

The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous (connected) to what other structures?

ribosomes

What is bound to the rough ER?

ribosomes

what does the rough ER make?

additional membrane for itself and secretory proteins

Enzymes of the smooth ER are important in the synthesis of what?

lipids

What is the golgi apparatus?

A stack of flattened sacks, molecular warehouse

Are the sacs of the Golgi apparatus connected to each other?

no

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus?

molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER

what is a lysosome?

membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

what makes the enzymes and membranes of lysosomes?

Rough ER

what are the functions of lysosomes?

-fuse with food vacuoles and digest food
-destroy bacteria
-recycle damaged organelles

What are vacuoles?

large vesicles that have a variety of functions

what do protists do with the water they collect from the cell in their contractile vacuoles? what does this prevent the protist from doing?

expels water from the outside and prevents them from bursting

what might a plants large central vacuole contain?

-water
-digestive enzymes
-pigments
-poisons

is there a direct structural connection between the nuclear envelope, rough ER, and smooth ER

yes

how does a protein manufactured by the ER leave the cell? List organelles and cell parts involved

ER ~ transport vesicle ~ golgi apparatus ~ lysosome ~ plasma membrane

What do some vesicles develop into?

lysosomes and vacuoles

What are peroxisomes?

metabolic compartments that break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel

What do peroxisomes do?

detoxify harmful compounds

What are mitochondria?

organelles that carry out cellular respiration and convert food energy to chemical energy in nearly all eukaryotic cells

what molecule do mitochondria convert energy into?

ATP

how many membranes do mitochondria have?

2

what does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

what are the folds of the inner membrane (in a mitochondria) called?

cristae

what is the photosynthesizing organelle of plant cells?

Chloroplasts