Midterms studying

Study for midterms

What is a barometer used for?

To measure atmospheric pressure

What does kPa stand for and how is it calculated?

Kilopascal, a unit of pressure

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

Inverse relationship

What is the relationship between volume and temperature?

Direct relationship

What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases?

It describes the behavior of gas molecules in terms of motion and collisions.

What is an ideal gas?

A hypothetical gas that perfectly follows the gas laws.

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature?

Kinetic energy increases with temperature.

What does STP stand for?

Standard Temperature and Pressure

What is molar volume?

The volume occupied by one mole of a substance.

What is sublimation?

The change of state from solid to gas.

What is condensation?

The change of state from gas to liquid.

What are the layers of the Earth's atmosphere?

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.

What gases make up our atmosphere?

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, and others.

What is the formula for pressure?

\text{Pressure} = \text{Force/Area}

What is Boyle's Law?

P{1}V{1} = P{2}V{2}

What is Gay-Lussac's Law?

P{1}/T{1} = P{2}/T{2}

What is Charles's Law?

V{1}/T{1} = V{2}/T{2}

What is the Ideal Gas Law?

PV = nRT

How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?

\text{K} = \text{C} + 273

What is Avogadro's Number?

6.02 \times 10^{23}

What is the greenhouse effect?

The warming of Earth due to trapped gases.

What is pH?

A measure of acidity or basicity of a solution.

What is stoichiometry?

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

What is Dimensional Analysis?

A method to convert units in calculations.

What is photochemical smog?

Air pollution caused by sunlight acting on pollutants.

What is ozone depletion?

Reduction of the ozone layer caused by chemicals.

What is acid rain?

Rainfall made acidic by atmospheric pollution.

What should you bring to the test?

A calculator, periodic table, and #2 pencil.

What is the standard volume of a gas at STP?

22.4 \text{ L}.

What is the result of compressing gas from 25 mL to 1.5 mL at 760 mmHg?

Use Boyle's Law to calculate.

What happens to the volume of a gas when cooled from 23°C to -23°C?

Use Charles's Law to calculate.

What is the resulting Kelvin temperature when gas expands from 250 mL to 370 mL?

Use Charles's Law to calculate.

What is the pressure needed to compress gas from 25 mL at 760 mmHg to 1.5 mL?

Use Boyle's Law to calculate.

What is the temperature in a flask if the pressure of gas increases from 75.5 mmHg to 740 mmHg?

Use Gay-Lussac's Law to calculate.

What volume of gas will result if 450 mL of it at 15^{\circ}\text{C} and 2 atm of pressure is converted to standard temperature and pressure?

44.8 \text{ L}

What would be the temperature in the flask if the pressure of carbon dioxide gas is increased from 75.5 \text{ mmHg} to 740 \text{ mmHg}?

82.0^{\circ}\text{C}

How many moles of carbon dioxide gas are contained in a sample that occupies 44.5 \text{ L} at a temperature of 82.0^{\circ}\text{C} and a pressure of 1.80 \text{ atm}?

2.75 \text{ mol}

What is the volume occupied by a 0.750 \text{ mole} sample of nitrogen gas at a pressure of 0.870 \text{ atm} and a temperature of 50.0^{\circ}\text{C}?

22.94 \text{ L}

What is the pressure exerted by 5.00 \times 10^{4} \text{ L} of methane gas at 22.0^{\circ}\text{C} if the sample consists of 2.80 \text{ moles}?

0.00136 \text{ atm}

What is the pH of basic solutions?

7

What is the pH of acidic solutions?

< 7

What is the neutral pH?

7

What are the three most abundant gases present in dry, unpolluted air?

Nitrogen (78\%), Oxygen (21\%), Argon (0.9\%)

What is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation?

3.00 \times 10^{8} \text{ m/s}

What type of radiation can kill bacteria and viruses?

Ultraviolet (UV)

What does the ozone layer protect us from?

Ultraviolet (UV)

What is the relationship between pressure and volume in gases?

Inverse relationship

What happens to the pressure in a closed cylinder if the temperature stays the same and the gas is compressed?

Pressure increases

What happens to air pressure when traveling to higher altitudes?

Air pressure decreases

What happens to the temperature in the stratosphere due to the ozone layer?

Temperature increases

What is the definition of frequency in terms of waves?

How often a wave passes a fixed point in one second

What is the definition of wavelength?

The distance between like points on a wave

What can we do to reduce carbon emissions?

Switch to sustainable energy sources, drive less, use electric vehicles

What is the symbol for Calcium?

\text{Ca}

What is the common charge of Arsenic ion?

+3

How many sodium ions are needed to make a carbonate ion (\text{CO}_{3}^{2-}) electrically neutral?

2

Is burning leaves a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is melting wax a physical or chemical change?

Physical change

Is alcohol evaporating a physical or chemical change?

Physical change

Is burning a candle a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is cooking food a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is rust forming on an iron nail a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is breaking a silicon crystal into small pieces a physical or chemical change?

Physical

Is using liquid nitrogen to freeze foods a physical or chemical change?

Physical change

Is digesting food a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is reacting an acid with a metal a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is dissolving salt in water a physical or chemical change?

Physical change

Is condensing water a physical or chemical change?

Physical change

Is decomposing water a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is curdling milk a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is tarnish forming on silver a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is mixing gold and copper to form a metal alloy a physical or chemical change?

Physical change

Is igniting hydrogen gas with a lit splint a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

Is neutralizing an acid with a base a physical or chemical change?

Chemical change

What is a physical property of matter related to color?

Color

What is a physical property of matter that describes malleability or brittleness?

Malleability/Brittleness

What is the chemical property of matter that describes reactivity with Copper(II) Chloride?

Reactivity with Copper(II) Chloride

What is a physical property of matter related to luster?

Luster

What is a physical property of matter related to electrical conductivity?

Electrical Conductivity

What is a physical property of matter related to thermal conductivity?

Thermal Conductivity

What is a physical property of matter related to water solubility?

Water Solubility

What is a chemical property of matter related to flammability?

Flammability

What is a physical property of matter related to ductility?

Ductility

What is a physical property of matter related to solubility in methanol?

Solubility in Methanol

What is a physical property of matter related to melting point?

Melting Point

What is a chemical property of matter related to reactivity with hydrochloric acid?

Reactivity with Hydrochloric Acid

What is a chemical property of matter related to corrosion in air?

Corrodes readily in air

What is a physical property of matter related to boiling point?

Boiling Point

What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

What is the charge of a proton?

+1

Where are protons located in an atom?

Nucleus

What is the charge of a neutron?

Neutral

Where are neutrons located in an atom?

Nucleus

What is the charge of an electron?

-1

Where are electrons located in an atom?

Electron Cloud or Shells

What is the atomic number of Carbon-$12$?

6

What is the mass number of Uranium-$238$?

238

What is the atomic number of Magnesium-$24$?

12

What is the molar mass of \text{CO}_{2}?

\approx 44 \text{ g/mol}

What is the percent of oxygen by mass in \text{CO}_{2}?

72.7\%