WC1 Chapter 10 Test Study Guide

Simony

Purchase of ecclesiastical office from a layperson or church official

Banns

Declaration by a priest of a couple’s intention to marry

Cathars

Heretical religious sect, also know as Albigensian, who rejected the role of the priesthood in salvation

Primogeniture

System of inheritance that directs the majority of or the entire estate from a father to his eldest son.

Jihad

Religious duty imposed on Muslims to defend and extend Islam

Infidel

From a Christian or Muslim perspective, anyone who is not a member of their religion

Parlement

In the 14th century the French King’s court of appeals located in Paris

Parliament

The representative assembly of England

Magna Carta

A document confining the English king to his traditional rights and Obligations, signed by King John in 1215

Chancellor

Office of chief secretary in a king’s household

Guilds

Associations of merchants or craftworkers for mutual protection and regulation of their field of business.

Scholasticism

School of theology that applied logic to matters of faith

Who is Francis of Assisi?

founder of the Franciscan friars

Who is Dominic Guzman?

founder of the Order of Preachers (O.P), the Dominican order

What was the crusades?

first instance of the church using armies to invoke war and conquest

What did the Dominicans specialize in?

in preaching with a special aim of combating heresy?

What did the Dominicans place a great value in?

education and in theology as a way to combat religious beliefs at odds with church doctrines

Who became well known for his efforts to reconcile Christian doctrine with Aristotelian philosophy?

Thomas Aquinas

What is summae?

treaties containing the highest or most complete summary of a given topic.

What did Thomas Aquinas excel in?

composing summae

What was Thomas Aquinas’s most important summae?

Summa Theologie which is meant to be a complete statement of Christian philosophy

In the 4th Lateran Council what did it declare the Pope had the authority to do?

to hold supreme authority in the church

What did the 4th Lateran Council require Christians to do?

take confession once a year

In the 4th Lateran Council what did they set standards for?

the clergy

Where was the Council of Clermont?

Central France

What did Pope Urban II declare at the council of Clermont?

that enemies of faith were intent on conquering the Holy Land.

Who did Pope Urban preach to at the council of Clermont?

large crowd

What did the letter Pope Urban received allowed him to do?

give the nobility a new focus to their hostilities.

Who led the People’s Crusade?

Peter the Hermit

In what Crusade were they slaughtered or enslaved by the Turks?

People’s Crusade

What made up the First Crusade?

kights

Who led the knights in the First Crusade?

noblemen experience in warfare

What was the only successful crusade?

The First Crusade

How long did it take the people in the First Crusade to capture the City?

one month

When was the city captured in the first crusade?

July 15, 1099

In the Second Crusade what Muslim leader captures Jerusalem?

Saladin

Where did Pope Innocent III called the 4th crusade to?

the Holy Land

In the 4th crusade what did the army seize instead of the Holy Land?

Constantinople

What is the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

Constantinople

What did Pope Urban II promise those who went to fight non-Christians?

remission of sins

When did the Reconquista of Spain begin?

mid-1000s’

How long did the Reconquista last?

4 centuries

What was the first document to put into writing that the king and his government were not above law?

Magna Carta

What did the Magna Carta do?

put restraint on the English king

What did the Magna Carta try to prevent?

the king from exploiting his power and places limits of royal authority

What was the Knights Templar?

military order founded in 1120s in Jerusalem

What was the Knights Templar’s purpose?

to defend the land the Crusaders forces had captured

What did the Knights Templar provide for the poor and military defense?

relief

What did the Knights Templar gain?

immense wealth from moneylending

Where did the Knights Templar guard money from?

anywhere between western Europe and Palestine

What did the effect of raising taxes have on King John?

it made him unpopular with English barons.

Why did King John rely on English barons?

they assisted him in governing the kingdom

When was the ban of the purchase of ecclesiastical offices?

during the 11th century reforms

What did Pope Gregory VII expand?

papal authority

What did Pope Gregory VII raise?

clerical standards

What did Pope Gregory VII protect the church from?

interference by secular rulers

What new kind of religious order was introduced in the 13th century?

Medicants Orders

What did the Medicant orders renounce?

property ownership and embraced poverty

Unlike monks in isolated monasteries how did friars live?

according to monastic rule in a a world and carried out the church’s mission

What did Friars place a greater emphasis on?

learning and participating in the Papacy’s campaign

What was the Papacy’s campaign?

to impose uniformity of belief on Christian society

What did Friars make a deep impression on?

religious life

In 1209 who approved the Franciscan Order?

Pope innocent III

In the fourth Lantern Council how were marriages meant to be announced?

publicly in advance

What was forbidden for marriages in the 4th Lateran Council?

between closely related kin

What century reform had stricker adherence to celibacy?

11th century reforms

What century reform had minimal level of literacy for clergy?

11th century reforms

Pope Innocent III?

a highly skilled lawyer, turned reform into law

Who called for the Crusades against heretics?

Pope Innocent III

Who was responsible for the 4th Lateran council?

Pope Innocent III

In 1075 what did Pope Gregory VII decreed about the pope?

that only the pope had the authority to appoint clergy to offices

What did the church teach about war?

that war in itself was not sinful, especially when it was defensive

Why did the church try to keep enthusiasm in check?

to ensure the success of the crusade and to gaurantee its sacred character

In what crusade were they untrained and undisciplined for war?

People’s Crusade

Who led the third crusade?

Richard I and Phillip II

What did Pope Innocent II use crusading as a tool as what during the Albigensian Crusade?

to impose religious uniformity in western europe

Who did Pope Innocent call war against?

Cathar heretics

At the end of the crusades Jerusalem was still in the hands of who?

The muslims

What did the crusades say about the pope?

his ability as an international leader

At the end of the crusades who was still divided?

eastern and western europe

The fact that countries of europe could come together was a sign of what?

that europe had finally come togther

How was royal authority used in France?

in direct proportion to increase royal domain

How was royal authority in england?

occured more swiftly than france

Who made significant progress in turning royal law into the law of the kingdom?

France

Who tried to curtail the ability of their nobles to wage war against them by prohibiting the construction castles without royal lisence?

England