Anatomy Body Systems + Feedback Loops

Organs and functions

Muscular system (organs)

Muscular system (organs)

Skeletal muscles tissues, muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)

Muscular system (functions)

Participates in bringing about about body movements such as walking, maintains posture, and produces heat

skeletal system (organs)

bones, joints, and associated cartilages

skeletal system (functions)

supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscle attachment, assists with body movements, stores cells that produce blood cells, minerals, and lips

integumentary system (organs)

skin and associated structures (hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands)

integumentary system (functions)

helps regulate body temperature, protects the body, eliminates some waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth, and cold

reproductive system (organs)

gonads (ovary or testis) and associated organs: uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, and penis; mammary glands

reproductive system (functions)

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate production and other body processes - other organs transport/store gametes, mammary = milk

urinary system (organs)

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

urinary system (functions)

helps regulate red blood cell production; produces, stores, and eliminates urine; regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance and body fluids, maintains mineral balance

respiratory system (organs)

lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them

respiratory system (functions)

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acidity of body fluids; air flowing of lungs through vocal chords produce sounds

digestive system (organs)

Gastrointestinal tract - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, accessory organs, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

digestive system (functions)

Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes

lymphatic system (organs)

lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)

lymphatic system (functions)

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes

endocrine system (organs)

all glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones; thymus, pineal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, testis

endocrine system (functions)

Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

cardiovascular system (organs)

Blood, heart, and blood vessels

cardiovascular system (functions)

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells, and helps regulate acidity , temperature, and water content of of body fluids; blood components help fight disease and fix damaged blood vessels

nervous system (organs)

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears

nervous system (functions)

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes, and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Regulation of blood pressure

• stimulus: rising/declining BP

• receptor/sensor: Baroreceptor in carotid nerve and aortic arch

• control center/integrator: Brain

• effector: heart

• negative feedback loop?: YES - vasoconstriction or vasodilation returns BP to normal

Regulation of gas concentrations

• stimulus: increased cell respiration causes increased carbon dioxide

• receptor/sensor: chemoreceptors

• control center/integrator: medulla oblongata

• effector: intercostal muscles + lungs

• negative feedback loop?: YES

  • heart: heart rate goes up, blood with carbon dioxide brought faster to lungs

  • lungs: breathing rate increases, carbon dioxide exhaled more rapidly

  • carbon dioxide rates return to normal

Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

• stimulus: irregular blood glucose level

• receptor/sensor: alpha cells in pancreas detect low blood glucose level, beta cells in pancreas detect high blood glucose level

• control center/integrator: alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin

• effector: liver - if insulin is secreted, it stores glucose; if glucoagon is secreted, it breaks down glycogen (a polymer) into glucose monomers and release them

  • negative feedback loop?: YES - return to normal blood glucose level

Regulation of body fluids

• stimulus: increased osmotic pressure (low water concentration in plasma of blood)

• receptor/sensor: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

• control center/integrator: hypothalamus/pituitary gland - brain

• effector: kidney tubules (reabsorption) - others involved in drinking

  • result - NOT FEEDBACK LOOP: increased water reabsorption/intake brings water concentration up and osmotic pressure down)

Regulation of body temp

• stimulus: body temp not 37 degrees celcius - outside of optimal temp

• receptor/sensor: Thermoreceptor (in skin and deeper)

• control center/integrator: hypothalamus

• effector: Blood vessels (widen or constrict), sweat glands in skin, skeletal muscles start shivering

• negative feedback loop?: YES - return to normal body temp