Unit One

What is Embryology?

• the branch of biology and zoology that studies the prenatal development of organisms

• From the formation of sex cells (gametes) and fertilization through the stages of the embryo and fetus, up to birth

What is Teratology?

• the scientific study of birth defects (congenital malformation)

• Developmental Disorder

What is Pathology?

• the medical specialty focused on studying diseases

• Natural and environment

Who is Hippocrates?

• “The Father of Medicine/Anatomy”

• Disease is natural

Who is Aristotle?

• Humans are animals

• We share the same stuff, just not the same animal

Who is Galen?

• Surgeon in Rome

• He decided we should use staples instead of horse hair

  • Staple help reduce infection compared to horse hair

Who is Vesalius?

• De Humani Corporis Fabica (The first book of anatomy)

• He was the first person to write down anatomical position from David (Michellangelo structure)

What is the Integumentary System?

• skin, hair, nails, and associated glands

• protection barrier against the external environment

  • protects against injury, infection, and UV light

  • Regulates temp., prevents water loss, synthesizing Vitamin D, and allowing touch sensation

What is the Musculosketal?

• the body’s framework and movement engine, comprising bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues

  • they work together to provide support, enable movement, protect organs, and maintain posture

What is the Nervous System and Endocrine System?

the bodies two main communication network, working together to control and coordinate functions

What is Nervous System?

uses rapid electrical impulses (neurons/neurotransmitters) for quick, localized, short-lived response (like movements)

What is Endocrine System?

uses slower chemical messengers (hormones) transported via blood for widespread, longer-lasting effects (like growth or metabolism)

What is the Cardiovascular System?

• heart, blood, vessels pumps blood delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste

  • acting like a high-speed transport network

What is the Lymphatic System?

• lymph, vessels, nodes, organs collects excess fluid in the blood

  • functioning as a crucial support for fluids balance and immune cells and fighting infection

What is Respiratory System?

• nose, mouth, throat, trachea, and lungs responsible for breathing and bring oxygen into the body and expelling carbon dioxide

What is Gastroinestinal System?

• the body’s long tube and associated organs that break down food

• absorb nutrients for energy, growth, and repair, and eliminate waste

What is Urogenital System?

• combines the urinary system and filters waste and produces urine and the reproductive system, which produces gametes

What is Human Anatomical Position?

body is erect, head faces front, arms against body, palms/ toes point forward

What is Mid-sagittal?

divides body into equal R/L halves

What is Para-sagittal?

divides body into R/L portion (not equal only a portion)

What is Coronal (Front)?

divides body into anterior/posterior portions

What is Transverse?

divide body into superior/ inferior portion

What is Superior?

above

What is Inferior?

below

What is Anterior?

front

What is Posterior?

back

What is Medial?

towards the midline of the body

What is Lateral?

away from the midline of body

What is Proximal?

closer to the reference points

What is Distal?

distant to the reference point

What are body cavities?

protects organs and restricts organ motion

What is Dorsal Cavity?

Cranial (Brain) + Spinal (brainstem & spinal cord)

What is Thoracic Cavity

• Pleural cavity

• Pericardial cavity

• Mediastinum

What is Pleural cavity?

lungs (x2)

What is Pericardial cavity?

heart

What is Mediastinum?

trachea, esophagus, thymus, aorta

What is tissue?

group of cells which perform a specific functions

What are the four basic types of Tissue?

• Epithelium

• Connective

• Muscle

• Neural

What does Epithelium do?

• absorb secrete

• also protection

What is Connective tissue?

• fibrous, supportive

• holding things together

What is Muscle?

• contractile protein

• for movement

What is Neural?

• electrically conductive

• Will tell cells what to do

What is Epithelia functions?

• Protection

• Absorption

• Secretion

• Excretion

What are the 5 main characteristics in Epithelial Tissues?

• Cellular

• Polarity

• Basement Membrane

• Avascular

• Regeneration

What is Cellular?

going to have compents in them

What polarity?

some cells might have more stuff in theirs then others

What is basement Membrane?

Has Basal Lamine, gives nutrients to that cell

WHat is Avascular?

no blood, done through diffusion

What is Regeneration?

they grow cells again from Basal Lamina

What is Cell Shape?

• Squamous (flat)

• Cubodial (cube shaped

• Columnar (columns

What is Lamination?

• simple (one layer)

• stratified (many layers)

What is Omamentation?

projections (cilia, flagella, microvili

What is Mucous Membrane?

• lines cavities/surfaces that are exposed to the external environment and keeps them moist

• self-wetting and protection from external environment

What is Serous Membrane?

• covers organs/lines body cavities and produces a lubricant to aid the organs as they move

• Shrink wrapping

What is Synovial Membrane?

• lines joints cavities—provides for exchange of fluids/solutes between the joint cavity & the adjacent tissue

• Lubrication and nutrient exchange

• stuff you hear when cracking knuckles

What is Cutaneous Membrane?

• cover the body, thick, relatively waterproof, abrasion, resistant

• Protection from external environment

• Water proof

What are Tubes?

• are membranes

• epithelia & tissues folded onto itself

What are the three basic components of Connective Tissue?

• Highly specialized cells

• Non cellular matrix

• Extra-cellular fibers

What are the three Connective Tissue Types?

• Proper Connective Tissue

• Supporting Connective Tissue

• Fluid Based Connective Tissue

What are the four parts of Proper Connective Tissue?

• Loose CT

• Dense Regular CT

• Dense Irregular CT

• Elastic CT

What is in Loose CT?

• Fat

• Filled spaces between organs

• Helps soft tissue have structure and slow things down

• Areolar and Reticular

What is Reticular?

Fibrous mesh

• found in lymph-nodes and bone marrow

What is Areolar?

Fibrous mesh

• fascia and underlies epithelia

What is Dense Regular CT?

Dense collagen fiber network

What are some of the components in Dense Regular CT?

• not elastic, but STRONG, high in collagen

• Fiber run parallel = tensile support

• Found in tendons and ligaments (not elastic, but strong)

• Poorly vascularized

Where is Dense Regular CT found?

• tendons and ligaments

What is Dense Irregular CT?

Fibers make a chaotic mesh work

What are the components with the Dense Irregular CT?

• In dermis (reticular layer) wraps bones and organs

• Capable of multidirectional tension

• Wrapped at bones (periosteum) and organs (peritoneum)

Where can you find Dense Irregular CT?

Wrapped at Bones and Organs

What is Elastic CT?

Fibers direction mostly straight

What are the components within Elastic CT?

• Very stretchy (ex. Interspinous ligaments)

• Allows movement

What is Supporting Connective Tissue?

Bones and Carilage

What is Fluid-based Connective Tissue?

Blood and Lymph

What are the three parts of the skin?

• Epidermis (epithelium) (outside)

• Dermis (Leather)

• Hypodermis (adipose (Loose CT) and blood vessels)

What is in the Cutaneous Membrane?

• hair

• Nails

• Exocrine glands

What are the functions of Skin?

• protection from abrasion, chemicals, pathogens and U-V light

• Prevention of water loss and Temp. Regulation

• Synthesis of Vitamin D

  • Ca, P (absorption in GI tract)

• Sensory Reception

  • Pain, pressure, and temp

• Communication of emotions

  • Blushing

• Storage of fat

• Excretion of water electrolytes

What are the four proteins of note in the skin?

• collagen

• keratin

• Melanin

• Carotene

What are some components in the Epidermis?

• Epithelium

• Cells constantly regenerated by deepest layer

• Cells make keratin, slowly die and eventually shed

• Stratified squamous

There are five layers in Epidermis, what are they?

• Stratum Germinativum

• Stratum Spinosum

• Stratus Granulosum

• Stratum Lucidum

• Stratum Corneum

What is Stratum Germinativum?

• It ALIVE

• Mitotically active cells attached to basement membrane

• Nutrition diffuses across Basil’s Membrane from dermis

• Epidermal ridges - fingerprints

• The last level

What is the Stratum Spinosum?

• Cells lose contact with Basement Membrane (area of mitosis)

• ALIVE

What is Stratus Granulosum?

• is somewhat ALIVE

• 3-5 layers thick, cells become flatter

• Nucleus disintegrates = cells die

What is Stratum Lucidum?

• thick skin only

• Flattened transparent dead cells

What Stratum Coreum?

• outermost layer of flatten cells

• abrasion/ loss (die cells)

What is Melanocytes?

• determines how dark you are with how much is present

What is Melanoma?

Cancer

• through moles

What is Melanin?

• pigment granules in epidermis

• Black/yellow/ brown pigments absorb UV light

• Protects deeper cells and underlying dermis

What is Blood?

Pink tinge to un-pigmented skin

• tell a story

What is Carotene?

Vegetables pigment and orange and red tinge

What is the Dermis?

• thickest part of skin

• ALIVE

What are the fibers in the Dermis?

• elastic

• Reticular

• Collagen

What does the Dermis contain?

• BV lymph, nerve endings, gland

What are the two layer in the Dermis?

• Papillary Layer

• Reticular Layer

What is the Papillary Layer?

• dermal papillae

• Distorts the overlying BM/epidermis (finger prints)

• Contains capillary loops (blood vessels)

• Contains sensory receptors

What is the Reticular Layer?

• Very strong

• Dense irregular CT fibers

• Support various BV’s, Lymph, nerve ending , and glands

What is the Hypodermis?

• subcutaneous layer

• Few capillaries - target for hypodermic needles

• Subcutaneous fat deposits vary in their distrubition

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

• hair nails, and glands

• All’s re composities of dermis and epidermis

What are the parts of the Nail?

• Hyponchium

• Eponychium

• Lunula

• Nail Root

What is Hyponchium?

Anterior boundary = free edge (dirt in the nail)

What is Eponychium?

Stratum (where skin and nail meet)