all vocab

Arithmetic Density

The total population of an area divided by its total land area, giving a measure of population density.

Physiological Density

The total population of an area divided by its arable land area, providing insight into the population's pressure on agricultural resources.

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land, indicating the intensity of agriculture in a region.

Distribution

The arrangement or spread of people, animals, plants, or objects across a specific area.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment or region can sustainably support with available resources.

Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population, typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation of a population's age and sex composition, often used to analyze demographic trends.

Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years, usually expressed per 1,000 women.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths in a population within a specific time period, typically expressed per 1,000 people.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of infant deaths (under one year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Natural Increase Rate

The rate at which a population grows or declines due to the difference between birth and death rates.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size at a constant rate of natural increase.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the historical and expected patterns of population growth, from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Malthusian Theory

The theory proposed by Thomas Malthus in the 18th century, suggesting that population growth will outstrip food production, leading to famine and crisis.

Neo Malthusian Theory

A modern adaptation of Malthusian theory that includes concerns about overpopulation, resource depletion, and environmental degradation.

Pronatalist Policy

Government policies or incentives aimed at increasing birth rates within a population.

Antinatalist Policy

Government policies or incentives aimed at reducing birth rates within a population.

Contraception

Methods and devices used to prevent pregnancy or control birth rates.

Ravenstien's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 principles describing the patterns and characteristics of human migration.

Microloans

Small, low-interest loans provided to individuals or small businesses, often in developing countries, to support entrepreneurship and economic development.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependent (young and elderly) population to the working-age population, indicating the level of support required for dependents.

Intervening Obstacle

A barrier or hurdle that hinders migration from one place to another.

Intervening Opportunity

A favorable factor or opportunity that encourages migration and may interrupt the intended migration route.

Push Factor

A negative or undesirable condition or circumstance in a person's current location that motivates them to migrate elsewhere.

Pull Factor

A positive or attractive condition or opportunity in a destination location that attracts migrants.

Forced Migration

Migration that occurs when individuals are compelled to move due to factors such as conflict, persecution, or natural disasters.

Voluntary Migration

Migration that occurs by choice, often for economic, social, or personal reasons.

Chain Migration

The process whereby one migrant's successful relocation to a destination encourages others from their home region to follow suit.

Step Migration

A series of smaller migrations that eventually lead to a person's destination, often involving several intermediate stops.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to flee their home country because of persecution, conflict, or a well-founded fear of harm.

Internally Displaced Person

A person who has been forced to flee their home but remains within the borders of their own country.

Asylum Seeker

A person who seeks refuge and protection in another country, often due to persecution or danger in their home country.

Guest Worker

A foreign worker who is temporarily employed in another country, often for specific jobs or labor shortages.

Remittance

Money sent by migrants working in another country back to their home country to support their families.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of herders and their livestock between highland and lowland areas in search of pasture and resources.

More Developed Country

A country with a high level of industrialization, wealth, and infrastructure.

Less Developed Country

A country with lower levels of industrialization, income, and human development compared to more developed countries.

Industrial Revolution

A period of significant technological, economic, and social change marked by the transition from agrarian and craft-based economies to industrialized and mechanized production.

Industrilization

The process of developing and expanding industrial sectors within an economy, often involving the growth of manufacturing and factory-based production.

Primary Sector

The sector of the economy focused on raw material extraction and natural resource-based activities, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing.

Secondary Sector

The sector of the economy involved in manufacturing and processing activities, including the production of goods and construction.

Tertiary Sector

The sector of the economy that provides services to individuals and businesses, such as healthcare, education, retail, and finance.

Quarternary Sector

The sector of the economy that focuses on knowledge-based activities, including research, information technology, and professional services.

Quinary Sector

The highest level of the economy, encompassing decision-making, leadership, and high-level management in government, business, education, and other fields.

Break-of-Bulk Point

A location where goods are transferred between different modes of transportation or between different carriers, often involving a change in the form of the goods.

Least Cost Theory

An economic theory that explains the location of industries based on minimizing transportation, labor, and production costs.

Core Countries

Highly developed and industrialized nations with advanced economies and significant political and economic influence on a global scale.

Semi-Periphery Countries

Intermediate-level countries with moderate industrialization and development, often serving as a bridge between core and periphery countries.

Periphery Countries

Less developed nations with limited industrialization and lower economic development, often economically dependent on core countries.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, typically one year.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of goods and services produced by a country's residents, including income earned abroad and excluding foreign residents' income.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The total income earned by a country's residents and businesses, including both domestic and foreign sources.

Formal Economy

Economic activities that are regulated, monitored, and taxed by the government and recognized in official economic statistics.

Informal Economy

Economic activities that are not regulated or monitored by the government and often involve unreported income and unregistered businesses.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of gender-based disparities in health, empowerment, and labor market participation within a country.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index that measures a country's overall development based on indicators of health, education, and income.

Gender Parity

Achieving equal representation and opportunities for both genders in various aspects of society, such as education and employment.

Microloans

Small, low-interest loans provided to individuals or small businesses, often in developing countries, to support entrepreneurship and economic development.

Stages of Economic Growth

The phases of development through which countries progress, often characterized by changes in economic structure and standards of living.

World System Theory

A theory that classifies countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery categories based on their economic roles and relationships in the global economy.

Dependency Theory

A theory that explores how less developed countries are economically and politically dependent on more developed nations.

Commodity Theory

The idea that many less developed countries are heavily dependent on the export of primary commodities, such as raw materials and agricultural products.

Commodity Dependence

The reliance of a country's economy on the export of specific commodities, making it vulnerable to price fluctuations and market conditions.

Complementary Advantage

When two or more countries or regions specialize in the production of different goods or services based on their unique strengths and resources, resulting in mutually beneficial trade relationships.

Comparative Advantage

A country's ability to produce goods or services at a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries.

Neoliberal Policy

Economic policies that emphasize limited government intervention, free-market capitalism, and deregulation.

Free-Trade Agreement

An agreement between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate trade barriers and tariffs, promoting the exchange of goods and services.

European Union

A political and economic union of European countries that share a common currency (the Euro) and collaborate on various policy areas.

World Trade Organization

An international organization that promotes global trade by establishing rules and agreements to facilitate trade and resolve disputes.

OPEC

A coalition of oil-producing countries that coordinates oil production and pricing policies.

International Monetary Fund

An international financial institution that provides financial assistance, economic advice, and stability measures to member countries.

Outsourcing

The practice of contracting out specific tasks or business processes to external service providers, often in other countries.

Special Economic Zones

Designated areas within a country with economic regulations and incentives to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.

Free Trade Zones

Areas where goods can be imported, stored, and processed without being subject to customs duties or trade restrictions.

Export-Processing Zones

Special areas where foreign companies can establish factories and produce goods for export, often benefiting from tax incentives.

International Division of Labor

The global allocation of production and manufacturing tasks based on cost-efficiency and comparative advantage.

Economies of Scale

The cost advantages that result from increasing the scale of production and reducing per-unit costs.

Agglomeration

The concentration of businesses and industries in a specific geographic area to benefit from proximity and shared resources.

Just-In-Time Delivery

A production and inventory management strategy in which goods are produced and delivered precisely when needed to minimize storage costs.

Sustainable Development

Economic growth and development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ecotourism

Tourism that focuses on responsible and sustainable travel, emphasizing natural and cultural conservation and community involvement.

Urbanization

The process of population concentration in urban areas, along with the physical growth and expansion of cities.

Suburbanization

The movement of people, industry, and businesses from central cities to the suburbs, often resulting in suburban growth.

Site

The physical characteristics and attributes of a specific location, including its topography, climate, and soil.

Situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and its accessibility to other areas.

Megacity

An extremely large city, typically with a population of over 10 million people.

Metacity

A city with an exceptionally large population, exceeding 20 million people.

Perhipery

The outer or less developed regions surrounding a city or country.

Semi-Perhipery

Regions that are intermediate in terms of development, often serving as a link between core and periphery areas.

Sprawl

The unplanned and often uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into nearby rural lands.

Edge City

A concentration of businesses and entertainment facilities in the suburbs, often resembling a small city.

Exurb

Areas beyond the suburbs characterized by low population density and rural or semi-rural characteristics.

Boomburb

A rapidly growing suburban community with a strong local economy and increasing population.

World City

A major international city that serves as a global hub for finance, culture, commerce, and transportation.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and regions, resulting in greater economic, cultural, and political exchange.

Interdependence

The mutual reliance and interconnectedness of countries, regions, or cities on each other for various resources and services.

Central Place Theory

A geographic theory that explains the distribution of goods and services in relation to the spatial pattern of settlements.

Rank-Size Rule

A rule stating that the second largest city is 1/2 the size of the largest city. The third largest is 1/3 the size of the largest, and so on.

Primate City

A city that has more than double the population of the next largest city.

Concentric Zone Model

An urban model that describes cities as a series of concentric rings or zones, with different functions and characteristics in each zone.