Ap Human Geography 2.10-2.12

Migration

A permanent or semi-permanent move to a new location.

Voluntary migration

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Push factors

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

Pull factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Immigrant

a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

Emigrant

A person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere.

Emigrate

leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another.

Migration transition model

Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage-4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration

Intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

Intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Gravity model of migration

large communities have a greater pull and attract more migrants

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.

Rural to urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Counter migration

the return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated

Return migration

immigrants moving back to their former home

Forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Internally displaced persons (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Asylum

sanctuary

Internal migration

permanent movement within the same country

Transnational migration

A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit.

Chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Guest workers

legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

Transhumance

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.

Guest worker policies

regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Family reunification

the process of bringing together families, particularly children and elderly dependents, with previous care-providers for the purpose of re-establishing long-term care

Xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Remittances

Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Ethnic enclaves

Ethnic Enclaves helped transplant their culture into new environment and facilitated the development of migrant support network.

Sub-Regions of the US

Regions experiencing shifts in their populations because of migration

Cotton Belt

The term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. The same area is now known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities.

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

Sun Belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture