Protozoans

Entamoeba histolytica

In subphylum sarcodina parasites, all are commensal except for?

Entamoeba gingivalis

In subphylum sarcodina parasites, all are intestinal dwellers except for?

Entamoeba gingivalis and Dientamoeba fragilis

In subphylum sarcodina parasites, all undergo encystation except for?

Binary fission

Amoebas multiply through?

Loesch

E. histolytica was first described by?

Cysts

Infective stage of E. histolytica

Ingestion of food/water with Entamoeba histolytica cyst

Mode of transmission of E. histolytica

Cockroach (Periplaneta americana), Flies (Musca domestica)

Phoretic vectors of E. histolytica

Amoebiasis

What is the pathology of E. histolytica

Metronidazole

Treatment for E. histolytica

MOTILE

MOTILE or NON-MOTILE. Trophozoite of E. histolytica

NON-MOTILE

MOTILE or NON-MOTILE. Cyst of E. histolytica

Trophozoite

In what form is the feeding stage of E. histolytica

Cyst

In what form is the non-feeding stage of E. histolytica

Trophozoite

It is the vegetative state of E. histolytica?

Cyst

It is the infective state of E. histolytica?

Watery, soft, or semi-formed stool

Trophozoite of E. histolytica is found in what type of stool?

Soft to formed stool

Cyst of E. histolytica is found in what type of stool?

Fragile

Trophozoites of E. histolytica is _______ as they are destroyed by gastric juices hence they are the non-infective stage

Resistant to acidic pH

Cyst of E. histolytica is ________ due to its cystic wall which contains chitin and lectins

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE. Trophozoites of E. histolytica cannot encyst if excreted from the body as encystation only occurs in the small intestine

Entamoeba coli

They are harmless inhabitant of the colon

Entamoeba dispar

This parasite is morphologically similar to E. histolytica and it can only be distinguish by their DNA or rRNA

Entamoeba harmanni

They are also similar with E. histolytica but smaller and has no RBC inclusion

Small race

E. hartmanni asre known as the _____ of E. histolytica

Entamoeba hartmanni

The cysts of these parasites are quadrinucleated with coarse cytoplasm; their immature cyst has chromatoidal bars

Entamoeba polecki

These are the parasite of pigs and monkeys; they rarely infect humans

Cyst

E. polecki is distinguished from E. histolytica by?

Uninucleated

The cysts of E. polecki are consistently?

Entamoeba gingivalis

This can be found in the mouth (gum and teeth surface)

Entamoeba gingivalis

Which ameoba does not have a cyst stage?

E. histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, E. bangladeshi

Which 4 amoebas are morphologically similar?

0-41 degrees celsius

E. moshkovskii are able to survive at a temperature ranging from?

Endolimax nana

It is the smallest protozoa

Endolimax nana

Which parasite has a cyst that is quadrinucleated with eccentric karyosome?

Sluggish and mononuclear

What characteristic does a Endolimax nana trophozoite possess?

Iodamoeba butschlii

This parasite has an iodine cyst and has a large glycogen vacuole/body which stains deeply with iodine.

Unidirectional, active progressive

Movement of E. histolytica trophozoite stage

Sluggish, non progressive

Movement of E. coli trophozoite stage

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

What parasite and stage has a pseudopodia shape of finger-like?

Entamoeba coli trophozoite

What parasite and stage has a pseudopodia shape of blunt?

RBCs

What does E. histolytica have that makes it different from E. coli trophozoite?

Bacteria, yeast, cell debris

What does E. coli have that makes it different from E. histolytica trophozoite?

CLEAN-LOOKING

CLEAN-LOOKING or DIRTY-LOOKING. Endoplasm of Entamoeba histolytica

DIRTY-LOOKING

CLEAN-LOOKING or DIRTY-LOOKING. Endoplasm of Entamoeba coli

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

Which parasite has a uninucleated nucleus with central karyosome

Entamoeba coli trophozoite

Which parasite has a uninucleated nucleus with eccentric karyosome

less than or equal to 4

Number of nuclei of E. histolytica cyst

greater than 4 (mature: 8)

Number of nuclei of E. coli cyst

Cigar/rod/coffin-lid shaped

What are the chromatoidal bar shape of E. histolytica cyst

Witch-broom/splintered/needle like

What are the chromatoidal bar shape of E. coli cyst

Thick

THICK or THIN. Nuclear membrane of E. coli

THIN

THICK or THIN. Nuclear membrane of E. histolytica

Intestinal amoebiasis

Most common pathology of Amoebiasis

Amoebic dysentery

This pathology is caused by E. histolytica and is differentiated by another pathogen by the presence of Charcot-Leyden Crystals

Amoebic colitis

This is the ulceration of the intestine and is caused by E. histolytica

Flask-shaped

What shape is the ulcer when there is an amoebic colitis?

Extraintestinal amoebiasis

This type of pathogen occurs due to its motility

Hepatic amoebiasis

This is the most common extraintestinal amoebiasis

Anchovy sauce-like appearance

Amoebic liver abscess has a what type of appearance?

Hepatic amoebiasis, Pulmonary amoebiasis, Cerebral amoebiasis, Amebic pericarditis, Cutaneous amoebiasis, Genital amoebiasis

What are the 6 Extraintestinal Amoebiasis?

Cytoadherence

This is use for the attachment to large intestine

Galactose/N-acetyl galactosamine

What type of lectin has a characteristic to attach to the large intestine? (Full name)

Caspase-3

Which factor causes apoptotic death of mucosal cells

Myosin IB

Which factor ingests RBC?

Entamoeba histolytica

Myosin IB results in presence of RBCs in what amoeba?

Amebapores

These factors are pore-formers and causes ulceration of tissues/cells of the host

Cysteine proteinase

This is the most virulent factor

Cysteine proteinase

Which factor causes tissue invasiveness that leads to extraintestinal amoebiasis

Trophozoite motility

What is observed in the Saline solution direct fecal smear?

Saline + Methylene Blue

Which type of DFS is used for Entamoeba species wherein they are stained blue?

Saline + Lugol’s iodine

This is where only nucleus of E. histolytica cyst can be observed

Stramenophile

Blastocystis hominis does not have an exact taxonomic classification which means they are?

Blastocystis hominis

This amoeba is commensal but it may cause diarrhea to some immunocompromised patient

Dientamoeba fragilis

This amoeba can be transported by pinworm to man

Rosette-shaped

The shape of Dientamoeba fragilis nuclei

Commensal, Ameboflagellate, has no cyst stage

Characteristics of Dientamoeba fragilis

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Chronic infection of Dientamoeba fragilis may mimic what?

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

N. fowleri is the causative agent of?

Naegleria fowleri

This parasite is thermophilic wherein they can survive up to 30 degrees celsius

Promitosis

N. fowleri multiplies through?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE. The nuclear membrane of N. fowleri does not break down

Cerebrospinal fluid

Specimens used in diagnosing N. fowleri

Spinal tap

Cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosing N. fowleri is collected through?

Escherichia coli

When diagnosing N. fowleri in culture, non nutrient medium with Page’s saline seeded with living what?

1 mg/L chlorine solution, pH 8-8.01, Place in 38 degrees celsius

Ways to eliminate N. fowleri

Uninucleated with rounded chromatoidal bars

Cyst of N. fowleri

Amoeboid

Which for of the trophozoite of N. fowleri can be recognized in humans?

Flagellated

Which form of N. fowleri trophozoite does not divide

Acanthamoeba castellani

What is the most common Acanthamoeba species?

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

This is a destructive encephalopathy and associated with meningeal irritation

Amebic keratitis

This is associated with improperly disinfected contact lenses when cleaned with tap water or impure lens solution

Discharges, exudates, tissue secretions

Specimen used for Acanthamoeba species

Bacterial growth

The antibiotics added when culturing Acanthamoeba species removed unwanted?

Balamuthia mandrillaris

The pathology of this amoeba is similar with Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

Finger-like pseudopodia

Characteristic of Balamuthia mandrillaris trophozoite

Spherical

Shape of Balamuthia mandrillaris cyst

Sappinia diploidea

This is a newly recognized human pathogen causing amoebic encephalitis

Ciliates

Phylum ciliophora is also known as?

Balantidium coli

The only member of Phylum ciliophora