BIOLOGY TEST 3 SO FAR!

carl linnaeus

carl linnaeus

who developed the classification of life, set up as a hierarchy?

classification of life

• developed by carl linnaeus

• set up as a hierarchy

• each group shares characteristics

• the domains form the highest, most inclusive hierarchical level in the organization of life

domains

form the highest, most inclusive hierarchical level in the organization of life

classification of humans

eukarya, animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, homo, sapiens

classification order

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

homo sapiens sapiens

humans are __________ ___________ __________

genus; specific epithet

• homo is the ________

• sapiens is the ______________ ________________

• the second sapiens indicates a subspecies

linnaeus classification

based on characteristics

• feathers

• scales

• hair

• bones

• exoskeletons

keratin

structural component of hair, feathers, scales, horns (not antlers), claws, hooves

bacteria and archaea

of the 3 domains of life, ___________ and ____________ are the most ancient, most diverse, and most abundant

bacteria and archaea

• single celled

• microscopic

• reproduce asexually only

single; asexually

bacteria and archaea

• _________ celled

• microscopic

• reproduce __________ only

prokaryotes

an informal label for bacteria and archaea only

eukarya (or eukaryotes)

includes protists (such as amoeba), plants, animals, and fungi

bacteria

e. coli (both good and bad), cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague

good bacterial flora

bifidobacteria, escherichia coli, lactobacilli

bifidobacteria

the various strains help to regulate levels of other bacteria in the gut, modulate immune responses to invading pathogens, prevent tumor formation and produce vitamins

escherichia coli

several types inhabit the human gut. they are involved in the production of vitamin K2 (essential for blood clotting) and help to keep bad bacteria in check. but some strains can lead to illness

lactobacilli

beneficial varieties produce vitamins and nutrients, boost immunity and protect against carcinogens

archaea

• most live in extreme condition

• extremophiles: thermophiles and chemophiles (extreme pH, extreme alkalinity, bleach & detergent)

archeans

examples of where _________ can be found:

• mineral hot springs

• abandoned copper mine

• deep sea thermal vents

eukarya

• many are multicellular

• animals, plants, fungus

• eukaryotes

kingdoms (in eukarya)

• protista

• fungi

• plantae

• animalia

protista

• single celled eukaryotes

• flagella, ciliates, amoebas

• algae (according to some)

fungi

• single and multicellular

• fungus (mushrooms)

plantae

• algae (according to some)

• plants

animalia

• animals

many; single

protista contains ______ types of eukaryotic life, but all are _______ celled organisms

fungi

• many are decomposers

• very little understood about them

• some are the largest lifeforms known

george washington carver

• one of the first people to push crop rotation in agriculture (advocating peanuts)

• collected over 120,000 fungus specimens

• was able to distinguish different species of fungus that no one else has ever been able to distinguish

• did NOT invent peanut butter

decomposers

fungi: a world of _____________

fungal

there are 3 main _________ groups organized by their unique reproductive structures

• zygomycetes

• basidiomycetes

• ascomycetes

decomposers

fungi that live off nonliving organic material

parasites

fungi that live off other organisms, causing harm

mutualists

fungi that live off other organisms, causing both organisms to benefit

absorptive

fungi are adapted for _______________ heterotrophy

multicellular

most fungi are ______________

mycelium; hyphae

the body of a multicellular fungus is called the ______________ and is made up of many mycelial strands of _____________

largest

some fungi are the _________ organisms in the world

humongous fungus

the largest fungus studies measured 2,384 acres, which is 1665 football fields

cordyceps fungus

zombie fungus

animalia

insects, worms, humans, reptiles, amphibians, tardigrades, birds, sponges

• multicellular

• most: aerobic respiration (breathe oxygen, mitochondria); are mobile

ingestive

animals are ___________ heterotrophs: they obtain energy and carbon by bringing food into the body and digesting and absorbing it internally

consumers; decomposers

all animals are ____________ and some are ____________

locomotion

animals exhibit ______________ (self-directed movement of the whole body) at some stage of the life cycle

organs; organ system

• enable animals to function more efficiently

• has a definite shape, size, and location in the body

• two or more working together form a __________ ___________

plantae

• have more complicated cells

• chloroplasts

• central vacuole

• cell wall

chloroplasts

produce energy

alternation of generations

all plants alternate between 2 growth forms, one haploid and the other diploid

bryophyta

mosses

bryophyta (moss)

considered to be the most primitive group of plants

• form matts of several individuals

bryophytes

• no vascular system or roots

• small

• require moist habitats

• no seeds

bryophytes

also include hornworts and liverworts

pteridophyta

ferns

pteridophytes

• no vascular system, but has roots

• require moist habitats

• no seeds

pteridophytes

also include lycopods and horsetails

coniferophyta

conifers (have cones)

• pine trees

• cypress trees

• cedars

• furs

• spruce

coniferophyta

• vascular system

• cones w/seeds

• no flowers

• most are evergreens

magnoliophyta

• flowering plants

• produce a seed with a protective coat

• fruit

magnoliaphyta

• complete vascular system

• flowers, fruits, seeds

mimosa vine (sensitive briar)

native to arkansas

porifera

sponges

sponges (porifera)

filter feeders that feed on bacteria, amoebas, & other organisms they acquire from their environment

• 3 main groups

sponges (porifera)

the following are the 3 main groups of _________:

• desmosponges

• glass sponges

• calcareous sponges

nematoda

round worms

nematoda

• simple, very few organs

• many are parasitic

• can be microscopic or huge (up to 8.4 meters long)

parasitic nematoda

• hookworms

• pin worms

• crop parasites

arthropoda

• exoskeleton made of chitin

• crabs

• shrimp/prawn

• insects

• spiders

mollusca

mussels, clams, snails

mollusca

one of the most diverse phylum of animals and includes shellfish, snails, slugs, squid, and octopi

foot; visceral mass; mantle

all mollusks share the following characteristics:

• a muscular _______ at the base of the body

• a compact grouping of internal organs called the _____________ ___________

• a protective ___________ enclosing the body cavity and the visceral mass, which also secretes a shell in some species

bivalves (or shellfish)

mollusks that shelter their soft bodies inside a hard, hinged shell

gastropods

most have a spiral shell on the dorsal side of the animal

cephalopods

marine animals that include the nautilus, squid, and cuttlefish, and are thought to be the most intelligent invertebrates

phylliroe

• parasitic sea slug

• lives in the open ocean

echinodermata

starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

annelida

segmented worms (i.e. earthworms)

annelids

worms with segmented bodies

annelids

have a simple brain connected to a pair of nerve cords

earthworms

the most familiar annelid and are important decomposers

• have a well developed digestive system, but lack a respiratory system

• gas exchange takes place across the moist skin

platyhelminthes

flatworms

cnidaria

jellyfish, anemones, hydra

cnidarians

include corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish

cniardians

characteristics of ___________:

• radial symmetry

• two distinct tissue layers separated by a jellylike mesoglea

• a nerve network

• a lack of organs and organ systems

• cnidocytes, or stinging cells, used to immobilize prey

cnidocytes

stinging cells

radial symmetry

cnidarians have ___________ ____________

hydra

in freshwater, there are _________

chordata

vertebrates, but some others

chordates

possess a dorsal notochord at some stage of their life cycle

chordates

have the following characteristics:

• a dorsal rod of strengthening tissue called notochord

• pharyngeal pouches, which develop on either side of the throat in the embryo

• a postanal tail

notochord

a collection of large cells that form a strong, flexible bar, which runs the length of the animal and provides support for the body

ribbon worm

phylum nemertea

velvet worm

phylum onychophora

velvet worms

more similar to athropods than any other worm

rotifera; tardigrade; bryozoa

• _________: rotifers

• __________: tardigrades aka water bears

• __________: look like jelly

tardigrades

• tiny animals found nearly everywhere, love moss

• can survive many years without water

• can survive the vacuum of space

tardigrades

water bears

chelicerata

spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and harvestmen

limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)

used by pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers to test their products for the presence of endotoxins, bacterial substances that can cause fevers and even be fatal to humans

myriapoda

millipedes (4 legs per segment) and centipedes (2 legs per segment)