Biology finals pt.2

Taxonomy and Systematics

both highlight the

relationship between organisms

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specie

Taxonomic level of classification

Taxonomy

the science of identifying, naming, and

classifying organisms based on natural relationships.

Species name, taxonomic rank

Output in taxonomy

Systematics

focuses on the evolutionary history of

organisms.

Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary classification

Output of systematics

Size of stem

In Aristotle's system, plants are classified based on ____

Where they lived

In Aristotle's system, animals are classified based on____

Aristotle

He grouped organisms into Plants and Animals

Plantae, Animalia

Aristotle grouped organisms into plants and animals, with their kingdom being known as kingdom__& and Kingdom ____

Herbs

In Aristotle's system, these are soft bodied plants

Shrubs

In Aristotle's system these are the plants that have several woody stems

Trees

In Aristotle's system these are the plants with one woody stem

Air Dwellers, Land Dwellers, Water Dwellers

In Aristotle's system these are the classification of animals based on where they lived

Benthic

where the Bottom Dwellers live, deepest parts of the sea

Aristotle’s System of Classification

Many organisms did not fit easily into this classification

but it was used for almost 2000 years

Phylogeny

a representation of relationships and,

therefore, of how organisms evolved from a common

ancestor

morphology

Traditionally, most of the data used in making

phylogenetic trees is based on

Morphology

study of form and structure of living

organisms, encompassing both their external

appearance and internal organization

Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota

Main branches of the Phylogenic Tree

chromosomal and molecular

Today,_________ characters

are extensively used for constructing

phylogenetic trees.

DNA and

RNA

Scientists also study molecules of _________, which vary in number, appearance, and

amino acid sequence among different

organisms.

Linnaean System of Classification

the first formal and scientific system of classification.

Carolus Linnaeus or Karl Von Linnae

built upon the work of Aristotle and developed

the first formal and scientific system of classification.

binomial nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus introduced the naming system called

genus group, species name

In binomial nomenclature, the first name refers to the _____ of the organism,

and ______ for the second

specific epithet

In binomial nomenclature, the second name refers to the species name, also referred to as

Latin

the language used in binomial nomenclature

Scientific Name

It is the genus name and not the species name,

genus name

describes

the characteristics of an organism.

Allium

refers to herbaceous plants that propagate from

an underground organ, such as bulb, a tuber, or rhizome.

capitalized, small

The first letter of the genus name is _____, but the species

name begins with a _____ letter.

italicized

If printed in books or magazines, both names are

underlined

If handwritten, both names should be

citations

Scientific name can also be abbreviated in succeeding_____ ex. A. Sativum

Linnaean System of Classification

this classification system expanded into a

hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories over time.

Species

smallest, basic unit of category ex. Homo sapiens

Genus

group of species share common ancestor ex. Homo

Family

group of genera ex. Homonidae

Order

related families ex. Primates

Class

related orders ex. Mammalia

Phylum

related classes(animals) ex. Chordata

Division

related classes(plants and fungi)

Kingdom

composed of related phylum or division ex. Animalia

Domain

broadest taxa, closely related kingdoms ex. Eukarya

Ernst Haeckel

proposed a

third kingdom

protista

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), proposed a

third kingdom, which he called

Herbert Copeland

proposed a four-kingdom scheme,

kingdom Monera

Herbert Copeland (1902-1968) proposed a four-kingdom scheme,

the ______(prokaryotic organisms; bacteria and blue-

green algae)

Edouard Chatton

a

french marine biologist, introduced the

terms prokaryotes and eukaryotes in

1937.

Robert Whittaker

proposed a

fifth Kingdom

Kingdom Fungi

1969, Robert Whittaker, proposed a

fifth Kingdom called

1970s, cell

membrane structure and cell wall composition

With advances in molecular biology in the ___,

significant differences were discovered inside

prokaryotic cells, particularly with regard to their _______.

Carl Woese, University of

Illinois

and his colleagues at the _______ proposed the division of Prokaryotes into

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Carl Woese and his colleagues at the University of

Illinois proposed the division of Prokaryotes into

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Woese’s Six-Kingdom Classification Scheme

Carl Woese

who proposed in 1990 the

creation of new taxon called domain, a rank higher than

Kingdom.

domain

American Biologist Carl Woese who proposed in 1990 the

creation of new taxon called

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

the Domains

Domain Bacteria

This group includes all prokaryotic, single-

celled bacteria whose cell walls are

composed of a polysaccharide

peptidoglycan

prokaryotic, single-

celled bacteria whose cell walls (and capsule) are

composed of a polysaccharide called

_______.

aerobic, anaerobic

in Domain Bacteria, there can be ____ bacteria and _____ bacteria

Eubacteria

The kingdom under the domain bacteria is the

Eubacteria

which is also known as the

true bacteria.

Domain Archaea

Organisms that are classified under this domain

are perceived to be more primitive than

bacteria.

Domain Archaea

They are considered to be more closely related

to eukaryotes.

Domain Archaea

Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.

Domain Archaea

They live in extreme environmental conditions

Archaebacteria

The kingdom under the domain archaea is

Domain Eukarya

The main characteristic of the members of this group is the presence of membrane-bound

nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

eukaryotes

in Domain Eukarya All members of this group are called

Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom

Animalia

Domain Eukarya includes

Evolutionary biologists

study heritable characteristics and other

historical evidences to establish evolutionary relationships

among organisms.

phylogeny

Evolutionary biologists represent these in a diagram similar to a family tree called

Phylogeny

a natural system of classification based on the

evolutionary history or genealogy shared by a group of

organisms.

Phylogeny

focused on how organisms are related, is under systematics

Organisms

are compared based on similar characters.

Characters

are inherited features that vary among species.

morphological and biochemical traits

Characters are inherited features that vary among species. These could be ______________

Homology

likeness in structure between parts of different organisms due to evolutionary differentiation from the same or a corresponding part of a remote ancestor

Analogy

structures in different species that have similar functions and appearances, but evolved independently, meaning they don't share a common ancestor.

morphological characters

Shared ________ indicate that species are

closely related and could have evolved from a common

ancestor.

DNA and RNA

analyses are powerful tools in

determining species similarities and reconstructing

phylogenies.

cytochrome-c

the human ____ was found to

be identical to that of chimpanzee and differ by one

amino acid from that of Rhesus monkey.

chimpanzees

humans are more closely related to

____ than o Rhesus monkeys.

phylogenetic trees

Biologists traditionally represent

evolutionary relationships among

organisms in

phylogenetic tree

illustrates

how related organisms evolved

from a common descent based

on the best reliable evidences.

root

represents the ancestral lineage, and the branches

that extend from it are the descendants of the ancestor.

Ancestral characters

are found within the entire lineage of

descent of a group of organisms.

Derived characters

are found in members of one group but not

in the common ancestor.

Cladogram

a diagram used in cladistics, a method of classifying organisms based on common ancestry which shows evolutionary relationships among different species based on shared derived characteristics

Cladogram

A diagram that shows evolutionary

relationships based on shared derived

traits

Cladogram

All branches are typically the same

length (do not represent time or genetic

change)

Cladogram

No time scale or timeline included

Cladogram

To show pattern of relationships based

on traits

Cladogram

Based mainly on morphological or

molecular traits

Cladogram

Simpler, more focused on relative

relationships

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that shows evolutionary

relationships including time and genetic

distance

Phylogenetic Tree

Branch lengths can represent

evolutionary time or amount of change

Phylogenetic Tree

Yes, usually includes a time component

(may be scaled)