Ethics chapter 9

\_____ is any disease that is caused by a pathogen

Infectious disease

Examples of pathogens

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

\____ it is when an infectious disease spreads quickly to more people than experts would have expected

Epidemic

\_____ is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents

Pandemic

What is the difference between a pandemic and epidemic ?

A pandemic takes more lives
a pandemic effects more people

\______ infection is an infection that appears in a patient under medical care in the hospital or other health care facilities

Nonocimial / health care associated infection

للمعلومه

(HCAI ) \= health care associated infection

True or false : HCAI is always present in the time of admission to the hospital

False , sometimes the infection is absent in the admission

True or false : HCAI infection can occur during health care delivery for other disease

True

True or false : HCAI can occur even after the patient has been discharged

True

True or false : HCAI can comprise occupational infection among the medical staff

True

\_____ A tiny single celled organism that gets nutrients from their environment ( the environment can be humans , animals .... )

Bacteria

True or false : some bacteria are good for our bodies and some bacteria are used to make medicine and vaccines

True

Bacteria is categorized according to shape to four categories:

1- spherical ( cocci )
2- rod ( bacilli)
3- spiral ( spirilla )
4- comma ( vibrios )

True or false : bacteria only exist in chains

False ,
they can exist as single cells
Or pairs
or chains
or clusters

\______ is a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ( gram positive / gram negative )

Gram stain

Gram positive bacteria \___ the stain

Retain

Gram negative bacteria \___ the strain

Losses

True or false : viruses are larger then bacteria

False
bacteria is larger

\______ organisms that aren't even a full cell but simply a genetic material that is inside of a protein coating

Viruses

True or false : viruses can live independently

False
they use another cell's structure to reproduce , so they cannot survive unless they are living inside of something else

True or false : viruses always causes very serious diseases like smallpox or HIV

False , sometimes they cause minor sickness like colds and flu

\______ organisms that can be divided into yeasts and molds based on their appearance

Fungi

True or false : fungi are typically larger than bacteria

True

Fungi \____ are single celled , microscopic and forms a smooth creamy colonies in culture

Yeasts

Fungi \____ Consists of long crashing filaments of cells called " hyphae "

Molds

True or false : A tangled mass of "hyphea " that is visible to the naked eye is called mycelium

True

True or false : mycelium can come in the color black only

False
various colors

\________ One celled organisms that contain nucleus and other cells structures making them more like plants and animal cells

Protozoa

True or false : Protozoa is similar to bacteria but they are bigger

True

ــــــorganisms that have rod or spherical shapes , they stain as gram negative and do not move independently

Rickettsia

True or false : rickettsia move independently

False

True or false : rickettsial is smaller then bacteria

True

There are two types of infection

Systemic
localized

\______Infection is an infection that is affecting the entire body , while an\____ infection is an infection that is limited to a specific part of the body

Systemic
localized

A wound infection is an example of an \____ infection , while a cold is an example of a \___ infection

Localized
systematic

True or false : communicable disease \= infectious disease

True

True or false : communicable disease can only be caused by a specific infectious biological agent

False , it also can be caused by the toxic products of that agent

True or false :communicable diseases can only spread from one human to another

False
it can be spread through one human to another
or through an animal to human
or to an animal to another animal
or it can be spread through the environment

\______ very small living plants or animals

Micro organisms

True or false : all microorganisms are harmful

False

\_____ are microorganisms that are found in the human body

Normal flora

Normal flora can be found in many areas of the body like :

Skin
vagina
intestine

True or false : rickettsial and Protozoa are chemical compounds

False , they are microorganisms

Ways that pathogens are spread

From one person to another (direct contact)
through water or food
Through insects
through Aerosolization

Aresolaztion \= الهباء الجوي

\_____ is the process leading to patients acquiring infection within a healthcare setting

Cycle of infection / chain of infection

True or false : the process of chain of infection can occur when one or more of the links is intact

False , it only occurs when all the links are intact

How many links are in a cycle of infection ?

6 links

What are the six links in the chain of infection?

1. pathogen
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. means of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. new host

How to stop the spread of an infection?

By breaking the chain

True or false : the pathogen is the disease causing organisms

True

True or false : the pathogen is the second link of the chain

False, it is the first

How to break the first link ( the infectious agent ) ?

1 - pasteurize milk
2- chlorinate drinking water
3- use disinfectant

True or false : colds , measles and polio are examples diseases caused by bacteria

False, they are examples diseases caused by viruses

Tetanus is caused by

bacteria

Food poisoning is caused by

bacteria

Athletes foot is caused by

Fungi

TB is caused by

bacteria

Moniliasis is caused by:

Fungi

\____ is the starting point for the occurrence of the communicable Disease

Reservoir / source

True or false : the reservoir can be a human , an animal , arthropod , plant or soil

True

True or false : the reservoir can be an inanimate matter

True

True or false : the infectious agent uses the reservoir to live , duplicate and survive

True

True or false : the pathogen use the reservoirs as a secondary source for survivor

False , it depends on it primarily

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by

protozoa

Tape worm is an example of?

Parasite

Trichinosis is caused by

parasite

عشان تربطون : هذا مرض سببه دوده بس ما ذكروا لنا وش اسمها اوكي ؟

واحنا قلنا ان دوده tape worm
تعبتر parasite

كلهم ديدان وكلهم يصنفون parasite

Anaerobic is an example of a __

Protozoa

Q fever is caused by

Rickettsia

The difference between animate and Inanimate reservoirs

1 - people , insects , birds and animals
2- soil , water , food , feces , fluids ...
يعني حي وغير حي

True or false : the reservoir and the source are the same thing

False , not always

True or false : you can tell who is the carrier of the disease

False, not always , the carrier can appear perfectly healthy

The link that is needed for the pathogen to leave the reservoir is the __

Portal of exit

If the reservoir is human the portal of exit can be many things like :

1- saliva
2- mucous
3 - feces
4 - blood
5 - nose or through discharge

The \________ trac is one of the portals of exit in the human body , that the agent can exit through coughing , sneezing and sputum

Respiratory

True or false : the genitourinary tract can be a portal of exit to a pathogen

True

True or false : influenza and tuberculosis are diseases that exits through the skin

False , it exits through the respiratory tract

Pathogens that cause sexually transmitted disease exit the body through the \___ tract

Genitourinary

Examples of STI (sexually transmitted infection)

Gonorrhea
syphilis
AIDS

The \___ tract is a portal of exit in the human body where the pathogens exits through the saliva or feces

Gastro intestinal tract

Examples of disease that is transmitted through the saliva

Rabies

true or false : an example of a Disease that are transmitted through the feces is typhoid

True

True or false : an example of a disease that is transmitted through feces is infective hepatitis

True

True or false : the pathogen that causes hepatitis B leaves the body through the gastro intestinal tract

False, through the skin

فرقوا :
Hepatitis b \= through the skin
infective hepatitis \= through feces

True or false : the fungi that causes fungal infection leaves the body through the skin

True

True or false : a mother can pass on a disease to the infant through the umbilical cord

True

True or false : Examples of disease that a mother can pass on to an infant are AIDS and syphilis

True

conjunctivitis is a disease that can be transmitted through the \___ discharge

Eye's

Otitis media is a disease that is transmitted through the\___ discharge

Ear's

HIV is disease that is transmitted through the \___ discharge

Genital

Gonorrhea is a disease that is transmitted through the \___ discharge

Genital

Syphilis is a disease that is transmitted through the \__ discharge

Genital

Bovine Tuberculosis is a disease that can be transmitted through \___

Breast milk