AAM History Final Vocab.

loyalty program

program instituted by president truman in 1947 requiring federal employees to swear that they were not communist or communist affiliates

red-baited

accused of being a communist

de facto segregation

racial separation that occurs in practice but is not based on law

de jure segregation

racial separation mandated by law

brown v. board of education of topeka

overturned plessy v. ferguson by declaring that segregated public schools were inherently unequal

montgomery bus boycott

13 month boycott when rosa parks refused to give up her seat to a white person; resulted in significant economic losses for the bus company

emmett till

14 yr old african american who was abducted, tortured and lynched after being accused of "offending a white woman"

little rock nine

nine black students who tested brown v. board of educ. of topeka by enrolling in little rock central high school

greensboro four

four black college students who initiated a statewide sit-in movement by sitting down at a segregated lunch counter and requesting service

freedom rides

an organized effort in 1961 to desegregate interstate travel by having white and black students ride buses through the south and use "whites only" facilities

deacons for defense and justice

an armed grassroots organization formed to protect black people against increased kkk activity

restrictive convenants

discriminatory clauses in deeds that prohibited owners from selling their property to a person or family of a particular racial or religious group

march on washington for jobs and freedom

gathering of americans to protest discrimination in all facets of american life. mlk "i have a dream speech" was given here.

bombing of 16th st. baptist church

bombing of a baptist church by white supremacists killing 4 young african american girls

civil rights act of 1964

prohibited discrimination in public places, outlawed federally funded programs, authorized justice dept. to initiate desegregation lawsuits, & provided technical and financial aid to communities desegregating their schools

title vii (7)

banned discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; created the equal employment opportunity commission to investigate and litigate cases of job discrimination

black nationalism

an ideology that black people constituted a nation within a nation; fostered black pride

black arts movement

culture side of black power in which black musicians, artists, dancers, playwrights & novelists used their talent to demonstrate black pride

mississippi freedom summer project

a massive education and voter registration campaign conduced in the summer of 1964

mississippi freedom democratic party (mfdp)

an independent, nondiscriminatory political party established to represent black mississippians at the 1964 democratic national convention

bloody sunday

a confrontation between black voting rights advocated and state troopers on the edmund pettus bridge in selma, al

voting rights act of 1965

an act outlawing literacy requirements and poll taxes; sent federal election examiners south to protect blacks’ rights to register and vote

original black panther party (lcfo bpp)

formed in lowndes county, al ; their goal was to run black people from their county for city position (e.g. black medical examiner, sheriff, tax assessor etc.)

oakland black panther party (bpp)

national organization that started out with armed police patrols and carrying of guns allowed by the 2nd amendment ; evolved to create “survival programs” or community programs that served the immediate needs of black community (e.g. free food, healthcare, clothing etc.)

affirmative action

set of ideas and programs aimed at compensating african americans for past discrimination by giving them preferential treatment in hiring and school admissions

white flight

the movement of whites out of urban areas to racially exclusive suburbs, facilitated by federal highway construction, federally subsidized low-interest loans, and discrimination against blacks

economic opportunity act

under pres. lbj, a federal legislation establishing a variety of social programs aimed at facilitating education, health, employment, and general welfare for impoverished americans

griggs v. duke power co.

held that iq tests, high school diplomas, and other requirements that were not necessary for the performance of a job were by their very nature discriminatory and had to be eliminated

poor people's campaign

organized by mlk, an effort to gain economic justice for poor people in US & to address the issues of unemployment, housing shortages for the poor, and the impact of poverty on the lives of millions of americans

community action programs (CAPs)

programs that directed antipoverty agencies to involve poor people in solving the problems of their own communities

orageburg massacre

violence erupted after blacks were refused admittance to a “whites only” bowling alley ; 28 students injured and 3 shot by police

moynihan report

controversial 1965 report written by daniel patrick moynihan that labeled the black family as dysfunctional and set off a storm of protest within black america

kerner commission

found that the violence plaguing inner cities could be traced to job discrimination and institutional racism rather than black power ideology or a particular organization

new right

ideology meant to broaden the conservative base of the republican party ; added the politics of law and order and a meritocratic color-blind ideal to an ideology that had previously been centered on anticommunism, limited government, and racialism

southern strategy

policies adopted by president nixon in 1969 aimed at moving southern whites, who were traditionally Democrats, into the Republican Party.

busing

a strategy to promote integration by transporting black children to predominantly white schools and white children to predominantly black schools

comprehensive crime control act of 1984

major revision of the U.S. criminal code that increased drug penalties and incentivized law enforcement increase their surveillance of african american communities

regents of the university of cali v. bakke

ruled that the university’s medical school at davis had discriminated against allan bakke, a white male, when it took race into account in determining admission

united steelworkers of america v. weber

ruled that brian weber, a white male, had not been discriminated against when steelworkers union initiated a job training program to bring the proportion of blacks in the craft trades closer to their proportion in the local labor force

congressional black caucus

an organization of black representatives that became an official presence in congress in 1971 ; it supported black candidates, lobbied for social reforms, and attempted to fashion a national strategy to increase black political power

fair housing act

a law prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of housing and making the practices of blockbusting, steering, and redlining illegal

million man march 1995

gathering of african american men to affirm their commitment to black women, children, and communities and to dedicate their lives to improving themselves and their communities

million woman march 1997

a gathering african american women to affirm their commitment to one another and the black family and community

black tax

reference to the extra work African Americans must do to achieve the same goals as whites

post-black

a controversial term differentiating black identity at the end of the twentieth century from other periods in american history

black church

a term used to indicate the centrality of black religious congregations in african american life

carceral state

the extensive surveillance and criminalization of public spaces that results in restricted mobility and control of people’s behavior

jena six case

the arrest and indictment as adults of six black teenagers for attempted murder after a schoolyard fight sent a white youth to the hospital

9/11

attack on twin towers of world trade center in ny by terrorists, black ind. refused to fight the war "not a black people's war"

hurricane katrina

put the issue of racism front and center, failed to assist the poor (mostly black communities),

american recovery and reinvestment act (AARA)

a measure intended to boost the economy; included tax incentives, expansion of unemployment benefits, aid to low-income workers and retirees, and money for infrastructure improvements

post-racial

a controversial term used to indicate that racism no longer inhibits the life chances of minorities in america

racial profiling

using race, rather than specific evidence, to determine how a person should be treated

broken windows theory

a criminology theory that holds that if small crimes are left unaddressed, bigger, more serious crimes are sure to follow

"stop and frisk" programs

the practice by which police detain and search anyone who appears to be engaged in suspicious activity; people of color are more likely than whites to be detained and patted down

#blacklivesmatter movement

the hashtag for a national movement that protests all the ways that racism destroys black lives, including the state-sanctioned killing of black men and women by the police and the mass incarceration of people of African descent

#sayhername movement

the hashtag for a social justice movement that calls attention to the invisibility of black women’s experience with police brutality and anti-black violence

smith act

a law that made it a criminal offense to advocate the overthrow of the US government

claudette colvin

first individual to sit in bus and not move when told to (boycott)

montgomery improvement association

led by black women that had been wanting to boycott buses

harlem nine

nyc board of educ. blocks enrollment of black students, 9 mothers stage boycott of schools until the court ordered better schools in harlem

southern christian leadership conference - sclc

founded in 1957, goal was to coordinate civil rights protests across the south, helped segregate mass voter registration and anti-segregation boycotts across the south

children's crusade

adults put in jail, protestors ask children to march - hosed down and attacked with dogs

"turnaround tuesday"

mlk strikes deal with lbj - will lead protestors to edge of bridge, kneel and pray then turn around and march back

black capitalism

created employment programs, small business programs, & housing investments in attempts to raise black capital

shirley chisholm

first black woman in congress, ran for president in 1972

counter intelligence program/operation
(COINTELPRO)

under nixon. basic attempt to disrupt and destroy black liberation movement. surveilled, targeted, harassed and killed black activists. federal & local law enforcement target black activist groups.

second wave feminism

women more educated, start to create organizations to fight against inequality at home and in the workplace

combahee river collective

"intersectionality"; members took more radical approach to black women's liberation. women interested in eliminating racism, sexism, economic oppression, and homophobia.

black feminism

an intersectional systemic based oppression experienced by black women over time and space