SO131 Final Exam Vocab

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117 Terms

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Absolute vs. Relative poverty
Absolute poverty: deprivation of resources that is life-threatening

Relative poverty: deprivation of resources relative to those who have more
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Alienation
Feelings of hostility toward work or working conditions
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Authority
Power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
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Automation
Programmable machinery
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Biographical health
Reconstruction of a personal narrative to incorporate an illness
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Biological determinism
One’s belief that their biological features reveal their social destiny
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Black market
Economic activity outside the bounds of the law
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Blended families
Families containing “step-” members
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Bourgeoisie
Owners of the means of production
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Proletariat
Wage-workers
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Capitalism
An economic system in which resources and the means of production are privately owned
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Caste/class/status system
Caste: stratification based on ascribed status

Class: stratification based on unequal distribution of wealth

Status: stratification based on social prestige
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Charisma
Extraordinary personal qualities that generate emotional following
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Charismatic/rational-legal/traditional authority
Charismatic authority: power legitimized through charisma

Rational-legal authority: power legitimized by legally-enacted rules and regulations

Traditional authority: power established through long-established cultural patterns
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Church/sect/cult
Church: a religious organization integrated into/accepting of the larger society

Sect: a religious organization that stands apart from the larger society

Cult: religious organization substantially outside society’s cultural traditions
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Class reproduction
The perpetuation of class inequalities across generations
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Coercion
The use of force to get others to do what you want
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Cohabitation
Sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
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Color-blind racism
Attribution of racial inequalities to non-racial dynamics
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Concerted cultivation/natural growth parenting
Concerted cultivation: parenting strategy of upper middle class; active management, use of reasoning, training child to self-advocate

Natural growth: parenting strategy of lower class; less active management; causes children to feel constrained by institutions
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Cosmogony
Religious stories about the origins of the universe
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Cottage industry
Labor undertaken in the home
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Cult of domesticity
Notion that true womanhood inheres in domestic tasks
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Cultural/economic/social capital\*
Cultural capital: symbolic and interactional resources we can use to our advantage in certain situations

Economic capital: financial assets

Social capital: networks and connections that can help us obtain desired goods

(Pierre Bourdieu)
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Cumulative disadvantage
Small inequalities compound into larger ones over time
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Denomination
A church that accepts religious pluralism (multiple religions)
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Methods of secularization: differentiation/disaffiliation/privatization
Differentiation: development of new social spheres that obey their own rules

Disaffiliation: decline in individual religiosity

Privatization: relegation of religion to the private sphere
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Diffusion
Spread of a social movement from one place to another
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Discrimination
Any action that involves treating various categories of people unequally
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Division of labor
Separation of work into multiple specialized occupations
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Economic interdependence
Dependence on other workers for essential goods and services
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Economy
A collection of social institutions that organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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Endogamy/exogamy
Endogamy: marriage within a social category

Exogamy: marriage across social categories
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Ethical rules
How people should behave
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Ethnicity
A group of people united by heritage
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Family
A social institution that unites individuals into cooperative groups that oversee conception and childcare
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Family of choice
People who define themselves as a family regardless of legal standing or blood ties
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Food desert
Communities where residents lack access to adequate food
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Fordism
An economic system based upon mass production, mass consumption, and standard commodities
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Formal/informal economy
Formal: work done for pay

Informal: transactions outside the sphere of regular employment
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Formal/informal power
Formal: the organization of power through law and coercion

Informal: the workings of power in everyday encounters
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Frames
Cognitive schemes that organize thinking, interpret events, and guide action
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Gatekeeping
The action of controlling and limiting access to something
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Gender
The social aspects of differences between male and female
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Gender identity
The subjective identification with the male or female gender
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Gender order
The way societies turn notions of masculinity and femininity into power relationships
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Gender role
Learned and socially accepted characteristics for each sex
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Gender typing
Correlation between the prestige/pay and the gender composition of an occupation
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Gender violence
Any violent practices designed to maintain gender heirarchies
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Glass ceiling
Invisible limit on women’s promotion in male-dominated professions
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Glass escalator
Accelerated promotion of men in feminized jobs
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Globalization
Growth in trade across vast distances
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Government
A formal organization that directs the political life of a society
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Habitus
Learned social habits that predispose us to act in certain ways
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Heterosexism
An ideology that categorizes those who are not heterosexual as inferior
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Homophily
The tendency of people to bond and associate with similar people
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Intersex
Children born with ambiguous reproductive anatomy
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Kinship
A social bond that joins individuals into families
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Knowledge economy
An economy in which knowledge supports economic growth
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Labor market segmentation
The division of the labor market into separate submarkets with different characteristics and rules
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Labor union
An organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with an employer
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Marriage
Legally-sanctioned, enduring familial relationship
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Medicalization
The process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
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Middle class
A group with nonmanual occupations who earn substantially more than the poverty line
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Mixed economy
A public-private arrangement where markets and government work together
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Monogamy/polygamy
Monogamy: marriage between two partners

Polygamy: marriage among three or more partners
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Nuclear family
A family consisting of mother, father, and children
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One-drop rule
The belief that one drop of black blood makes a person black
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Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which women are subordinated to men
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Patrimonialism
A form of governance where all power flows directly from the leader
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Polarization
The heightening of difference to emphasize a social status
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Political opportunity
A change in the social or political environment that positions movements to attain goals
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Political repertoire
Culturally familiar models for organizing collective action
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Politics
Power relations among people or other social actors
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Polymorphous perversity\*
Diverse sexual tastes (Freud)
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Power
The ability to achieved desired ends despite resistance
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Prejudice
An irrational generalization about a category of people
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Primary/secondary labor market
Primary: occupations that provide benefits to workers

Secondary: occupations that do not provide benefits to workers
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Profession
A prestigious occupation posessing knowledge and authority over a specific service
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Race
A category of people who share biological traits that members of society deem socially significant
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Racial covenant
Agreements by owners to not sell to blacks
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Racial formation
A social structure organized around race and ethnicity
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Racialization
The formation of a new racial identity by drawing new racial boundaries around a formerly unnoticed group of people
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Racism
The belief that members of separate races have unequal traits coupled with the power to restrict freedoms based on those differences
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Redlining
Agreements by lenders to not lend to blacks in certain neighborhoods
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Regimes of health
Behaviors the chronically ill develop to organize their daily lives
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Religion
A social institution involving beliefs and practices based upon an extraordinay concept
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Religious “nones”
Individuals with no religious affiliation
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Resources
Tangible assets a movement can use to build its power
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Ritual
Formal, ceremonial behavior
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Sacred/profane
Sacred: that which is extraordinary and treated with reverence

Profane: ordinary elements of everyday life
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Scientific racism
Biological justifications for racism
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Second shift
Women’s responsibility for housework and childcare, even when they work
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Secularization
The declining influence of religious authority
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Sex
Biological distinction between males and females
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Sexism
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
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Sexuality
Erotic aspects of the body and desire
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Sexual orientation
Direction of romantic attraction
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Sick role
Social obligations of a sick individual
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Social change
The transformation of society over time