Unit 6 MT

Lower respiratory tract (LRT)

bronchial tree and lungs referred as the airway

Mucous membranes

Mucous membranes produce mucus

Frontal sinuses

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Located in frontal bone just above eyebrows causing pain in this area \n • Most likely to get infected

Maxillary sinuses

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Located in maxillary bones under the eyes \n • The second most likely to get infected,causes pain in teeth \n • The largest of our paranasal sinuses

Sphenoid sinuses

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Located in sphenoid bone behind eye and under the pituitary gland \n • Near the optic nerves \n • Not likely infected, but infection may damage vision

Ethmoid sinuses

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Located in ethmoid bone between nose and eyes \n • Often become sore if you wear eyeglasses

pharynx

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the \n throat \n • Receives air and food from the nasal/oral \n cavities

larynx

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voice box (not the throat) \n • Located between pharynx and trachea

epiglottis

swings downward and closes off the \n laryngopharynx \n • Prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs

trachea

the windpipe

allows food to pass down the esophagus

bronchi

two Primary Bronchi branch from the \n trachea to convey air into the two lungs

branch out into bronchioles

alveoli

air sacs

This is the true site of gas exchange (oxygen/carbon \n dioxide) between our lungs & our blood

produce surfactant that reduces surface tension preventing collapse or rupture during exhalation

right lung vs left lung

right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2

mediastinum

Middle section of chest cavity \n • Located between the lungs \n • Contains \n – Heart and its veins/arteries, esophagus, \n trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, lymph nodes

pleura

Moist membrane covering outer surface of lungs \n and lining inner surface of thoracic cavity

diaphragm

Lies just underneath the lungs \n • Breathing occurs as diaphragm contracts \n and relaxes

respiration

exchange of oxygen for carbon \n dioxide (1 inhalation + 1 exhalation = 1 respiration

inhalation

Breathing in \n – Diaphragm contracts, and pulls downward; \n thoracic cavity expands causing vacuum drawing \n air into lungs

exhalation

Breathing out \n – Diaphragm relaxes, and moves upward; thoracic \n cavity narrows forcing air out of lungs

external respiration

Exchange of air & gases between our body & the \n atmosphere outside our body

internal respiration

Exchange of gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)

\n between our blood and all of our cells & tissues

Otorhinolaryngologist or \n Otorhinopharyngologist

Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders \n of head and neck, ears, nose & throat (ENT)

Pulmonologist

Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders \n of respiratory system

Thoracic surgeon

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Performs surgery on organs inside thorax, or chest \n including heart, lungs, and esophagus

chronic bronchitis

Inflammation of airways due to recurrent \n exposure to inhaled irritant

excessive mucus production and \n thickening of walls of air passages

emphysema

progressive loss of lung function

decrease in number of alveoli, \n enlargement of remaining alveoli, and destruction of \n their walls

asthma

Chronic inflammatory disease of bronchial tubes \n • May be triggered by allergic reaction

epistaxis

nosebleed

rhinorrhea

runny nose

Pharyngitis

sore throat

aphonia

Loss of ability of larynx to produce normal speech \n sounds

dysphonia

difficulty in speaking

Laryngitis

Also often used to describe voice loss due to this \n inflammation

atelectasis

collapsed lung

Pleural effusion

Excess accumulation of fluid in pleural \n space \n – Effusion = escape of fluid from vessels \n into the tissues or a body cavity

Pulmonary edema

Accumulation of fluid in lung tissues

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Pulmonary embolism

Blockage of pulmonary artery by foreign \n matter or an embolus

Pneumonia

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a serious inflammation of the lungs \n where the alveoli & air passages fill with pus and/or \n other fluids

Aspiration pneumonia

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inhaling foreign substance into lungs

Bacterial pneumonia

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Commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Community-acquired pneumonia

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contagious infection outside \n hospital/clinic

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

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Acquired during a stay in hospital

Mycoplasma pneumonia

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Milder, longer lasting form

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walking pneumonia

Pneumocystis pneumonia

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Opportunistic infection caused by a yeast

Viral pneumoniac

caused by viruses

pulmonary fibrosis

Progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung \n causing decreased lung capacity and difficulty in \n breathing

pneumoconiosis

Fibrosis of lung tissue due to dust inhalation

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asbestosis

Result of inhalation of asbestos particles

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silicosis

Result of inhalation of silica dust

lung cancer

Leading cause of cancer death in the United \n States (not the leading cause of cancer

apnea

Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

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sleep apnea

Potentially serious \n – Breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep multiple \n times & may cause decrease in blood oxygen levels

hyperpnea

Deeper, longer and more rapid than normal breathing, commonly \n associated with physical exertion

hypopnea

Shallow or slow respiration \n – Often leads to apnea

anoxia

Absence of oxygen from body tissues/organs even though \n the flow of blood is adequate

asphyxia

Lack of oxygen leading to loss of consciousness

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hypoxia

Deficient oxygen levels in body tissues/organs

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hypoxemia

Decreased oxygen levels in the blood

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Bronchoscopy

Visual examination of bronchi using bronchoscope \n – Flexible scope goes through the nose or mouth

chest x-ray

assists with diagnosing lung disorders

Laryngoscopy

Visual examination of larynx and vocal cords \n – Scope goes through mouth

Polysomnography

sleep study

peak flow meter

Measures air flow out of the lungs \n – Usually for patients suffering form asthma

spirometer

Measures volume of air inhaled/exhaled and length of time \n required for each breath

Pulmonary function tests

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various measurements from a spirometer

pulse oximeter

External monitor placed on fingertip or ear lobe to measure \n oxygen saturation level in the blood

phlegm

thick muscus ejected through mouth

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sputum

phlegm used for diagnostic purposes

antitussive

cough medicine

bronchodilator

Inhaled medication that relaxes/expands bronchial

\n passages

Metered-dose inhaler

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Administers bronchodilator medication in aerosol form

nebulizer

Allows for inhalation of a medicated bronchodilator mist via \n face mask or mouthpiece

wedge resection

Surgical removal of wedge-shaped piece of \n cancerous lung

lobectomy

Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ \n – In this case, surgical removal of an entire lobe of \n a lung

Diaphragmatic breathing

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Relaxation technique

CPAP machine

Noninvasive ventilation device used to treat sleep apnea \n – Forces air into nasal cavity, holding airway open

BiPAP machine

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Similar to CPAP, but can be set at higher pressures for inhaling and

lower pressure for exhaling

ambu bag

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air is squeezed by \n hand into a face mask

ventilator

Mechanical device for artificial respiration

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Supplemental Oxygen Therapy

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Used when a patient cannot maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in their blood from normal breathing

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Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

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Special chamber for delivering pure oxygen \n – Lungs and bloodstream absorb more oxygen resulting in promotion \n of healing and assistance with fighting infection

pica

is an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances that lasts for at least one month

upper GI tract

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

Transports food from entry until digestion begins in the \n stomach

lower GI tract

he bowels) \n – Small and large intestines, rectum, anus

Digestion is completed & waste is excreted

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hard palate

anterior portion of the palate

soft palate

Flexible posterior portion of the palate

soft palate & uvula during the process of swallowing

Soft palate & Uvula move up and backward to \n close off the nasal cavity, preventing upward \n movement of food/liquid from entering the \n nose

pharynx

Common passageway for respiration AND digestion

epiglottis

closes entrance to trachea to prevent food and liquid \n from moving from pharynx during swallowing

Lower esophageal sphincter

Also known as the Cardiac Sphincter \n • Muscular ring between esophagus and \n stomach; relaxes to allow food to enter the \n stomach and contracts to prevent stomach \n contents from regurgitating into the esophagus

stomach

Consists of fundus (upper, rounded part), body \n (main portion), and antrum (lower part)

Begins digestion, does not finish digestion, no \n absorption of nutrients occurs here

rugae

Folds/wrinkles in mucosa lining allowing the \n stomach to increase and decrease in size

Pyloric sphincter

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Ring-like muscle at base of stomach controlling flow of \n partially digested food from stomach to the duodenum

small intestine

This is where food is actually digested and where \n nutrients are actually absorbed

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3 sections of small intestine

Duodenum: first portion, connected to stomach \n – Jejunum: middle portion \n – Ileum: longest portion, connects to first portion \n (cecum) of Large Intestine

large intestines

Extends from end of small intestine to the anus \n • Site of preparation of waste products of digestion for \n excretion

Cecum \n – Colon \n – Rectum \n – Anus

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cecum

A pouch that lies on the right side of the \n abdomen \n – Vermiform appendix \n • Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

4 parts of colon

Ascending colon \n • travels upward from the Cecum

\n – Transverse colon \n • travels across from left to right in the direction of the Spleen

\n – Descending colon \n • travels downwards towards next section

\n – Sigmoid colon \n • S-shaped curve that continues from the Descending Colon to connect to the Rectum

liver

removing toxins from blood and turning food into fuel/nutrients

\-Secretes bile that aids in fat digestion

gall bladder

Stores and concentrates bile for later use