salamander practical 2

Salamander Buccal cavity: this is where the mouth would be opening from. Most anterior part of the body and sort of large. Shown on the ventral side.

Gular Fold: A flap of skin on the ventral side of the salamander

Dorsalis Trunci: This is on the dorsal side of the salamander. It is on the anterior portion of the body on each side of the middorsal septum.

Linea Alba: This is a very noticeable dark line on the ventral side of the salamander

Cloaca: This is found in between the legs of the pelvic girdle. It is on the ventral side.

External Oblique: This is on the ventral side of the Salamander, proximal to the rectus abdominis

Rectus Abdominis: This is on the ventral side of the Salamander and the rectus abdominis is proximal to the linea alba.

External Gills: This is mostly on the lateral and ventral sides. It has attached parts that are very long.

Horizontal Septum: The line on the lateral side of the salamander

External Nares: This is found on the anterior part of the body with two tiny but long holes.

• adductor mandibulae anterior: small, anterior jaw closing muscle, near front of skull

• adductor mandibulae externus: larger, more lateral/dorsal jaw closing muscle, bulk of cheek region

depressor mandibulae: posterior muscle; opens jaw

• geniohyoideus: thin, runs from chin to hyoid; midline, anterior throat

• interhyoideus: broader, more posterior throat sheet

intermandibularis: very superficial sheet between lower jaws (ventral floor of mouth)

rectus cervicis: long strap-like muscle running posteriorly along midline of neck

rectus cervicis vs geniohyoideus:

rectus cervicis is more posterior (farther back), longer, extends into neck/trunk region, runs from hyoid to pectoral girdle, and looks like a deep, posterior strap

geniohyoideus is more anterior (under the jaw), shorter, runs from mandible to hyoid, and sits closwer to midline and under the mouth

median raphe: not a muscle; thin/faint midline seem where left/right muscles meet (especially visible in intermandibularis); this is connective tissue

A and B?

A: humeroantebrachialis

B: triceps brachii

A, B, C?

A: cucullaris

B: dorsalis scapulae

C: latissimus dorsi

A, B, C, D?

A: coracobrachialis

B: procoracohumeralis

C: supracoracoideus

D: pectoralis

Levatores Arcuum- Fan shaped paired muscles connecting to gills

Origin: Fascia of the dorsalis trunci

Insertion: Epibranchial cartilages

Action: Gill elevators

Dilatator Laryngis Arcuum- An shaped muscle anterior to Levatores Arcuum

Origin: Fascia of the dorsalis trunci

Insertion: Cartilages of the larynx

Action: Expands the larynx

Branchiohyoideus- Cheek muscle directly ventral to Levatores Arcuum

Origin: Ceratobranchial of visceral arch III

Insertion: Ceratohyal (visceral arch II)

Action: Retracts the hyoid apparatus