Anatomical Terms

• Anterior : Front

• Posterior : Rear

• Cephalic : Head

• Caudal : Tail

• Dorsal : Back

• Ventral : Belly

• Medial : Towards Midline

• Lateral : Towards Side

• Proximal : Towards the “root” of the limb

• Distal : Away from the “root”

External Anatomy

• Urogenital Opening (M) : Opening to the urethra. Located on the ventral side of umbilical cord.

• Scrotal Swelling (M) : Palpable region between the leg indicating testicle location.

• Urogenital Papillae (F) : Opening to Urogenital cavity. Contains clitoris.

• Mammary Papillae (“Nipples”) : Suckling of Offspring (present, but non-functional in M).

• Nares: Opening to the nasal cavity & resp. tract (air exchange)

• Mouth : Opening to the anterior portion of the digestive tract (ingestion).

• Anus : Sphincter muscle of posterior end of digestive tract (elimination).

• Wrist : Distal compared to elbow on forelimb (locomotion).

• Elbow : Proximal compared to wrist on forelimb (locomotion).

• Knee : Proximal compared to ankle on rear limb (locomotion).

• Ankle : Distal compared to knee on rear limb (locomotion).

• Pinna : Outer ear (sound capture & protection).

Internal Body Cavities

• Cranial : In head (holds brain).

• Oral : In mouth.

• Nasal : In nose.

• Thoracic : Chest.

• Abdominopelvic : Belly.

Organs (C.Cavity)

• Brain : Integration of Nervous System (Note: the evolutionary importance of cephalization).

Organs (O.Cavity)

• Tongue : Taste, Mastication & Swallowing (note the papillae).

• Hard Palate : Boney separation between N & O cavities/Swallowing.

• Soft Palate : Gives into lower portion of Nasal C. for bolus passage.

• Teeth : Mastication.

• Epiglottis (in pharynx) : Prevention for bolus passage into larynx.

Organs (T.Cavity)

• Lungs : Exchange of gases with environment.

• Heart : Pumping blood for circulation.

• Esophagus : Passage of bolus.

• Trachea : Passage of air/air filtration.

• Larynx : Passage of air & sound generation.

• Thyroid : Gland associated regulation of metabolism.

• Thymus : Glands associated with immune function.

• Diaphragm (ant. surface) : Muscle used for respiration & sound generation.

Organs (AP. Cavity)

• Diaphragm (post. surface) : Muscle used for respiration & sound generation.

• Stomach : Digestion.

• Pancreas : Enzyme production for digestion/Glucose regulation.

• Liver : Blood filtration & detoxification/ Bile production for digestion.

• Gall Bladder : Bile concentrator for digestion.

• Spleen : Immune function/ Blood reservoir.

• Small Intestine : Digestion & nutrient absorption.

• Mesentery : Network of Blood vessels associated with small intestine for absorption.

• Large Intestine (Spiral Colon) : Digestion & water absorption.

• Large Intestine (rectum) : Fecal storage prior to defecation.

• Kidney : Blood filtration & urine production.

• Ureter : Urine passage to urinary bladder.

• Urinary Bladder : Holds Urine.

• Urethra : Urine passage to outside world (F).

• Ovaries : Egg & hormone production (F).

• Fallopian tubes : Egg passage & place of fertilization (F).

• Uterus : The Womb (F).

• Vagina : Place of intercourse/Birth canal (F).

• Urogenital cavity : Common tube that opens into the urethra & vagina (F).

• Testicles : Sperm & hormone production (M).

• Epididymis : Sperm maturation & storage.

• Scrotum : Holds testicles.

• Penis : Copulatory organ.