what is chronological age
how old a person is in years
what is functional age
what is the person capable of doing (ex: engagement in ADLs)
which is a better indicator of how someone is doing with their aging: chronological or functional
functional
what is the leading cause and most reversible visual impairment in older adults
cataracts
what is a cataract
clouding of the lens
what are the risk factors for cataracts
increasing age, diabetes, smoking, HTN, corticosteroids
what is the treatment for cataracts
surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an implant
what is one of the leading causes of blindness in america
glaucoma
what is a glaucoma
damage to the optic nerve caused by high pressure in the eye
what is the most common form of glaucoma
primary open-angle glaucoma
what is a primary open angle glaucoma
aqueous humor drains slowly, develops gradually with no symptoms until late-stage
what assessment tools are used for alzheimers
mini-cog, mini-mental state exam, clock drawing test
what is respite care
provides short term reliefs for cargivers
what increased the risk for falls in the elderly
aging, chronic illness, medications
what are potential complications from falls
broken hips, TBI
what factors can influence driver safety in the elderly
impaired senses, medications
what are the 3 types of advanced directives
living will, DNR, durable power of attorney
what is a living will
legal document that allows individuals to specify what kind fo medical treatment they would or would not want if they become incapacitated or had a irreversible terminal illness
what is a DNR order
order stating the individual does not want CPR of they were to stop breathing or have no heartbeat
what is a durable power of attorney
designation of healthcare proxy to make medical decisions should the individual become incapacitated
what is included in the chain of transmission
infectious agent, reservoir, portals of entry/exit, mode of transmission, host susceptibility
what is a reservoir
environment in which pathogen lives and multiples in
what are examples of direct transmission
getting coughed on, unprotected sex, needle sticks
what is indirect transmission
spread of infection through vehicle of transmission outside the host such as fomites or vectors
what is a fomite
inanimate objects that transport microbes
what are examples of fomites
water, doorknob, phone
what is a vector
insect or animal that transmit the microb
what are examples of diseases spread by vectors
zika, rocky mountain spotted fever, enchephalitis
how do we break the chain of transmission
removing a link will prevent infection (controlling agent, removing reservoir, controlling portals)
what is the latent stage of infection
infectious agent has invaded the host and begun replicating (no shedding)
what is the communicable stage of infection
shedding of the agent
what is the incubation stage of infection
time from invasion to when disease symptoms first appear
what is incidence
number of new cases
what is endemic
occurs at consistent and expected level in a geographical area
what is an outbreak
unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a geographic area over a limited period
what is an epidemic
large outbreak for an extended period of time
pandemic
global spread
what is herd immunity
80% of population is vaccinated or immune
how could we control the human reservoir to break the chain on transmission
quarantine individuals during incubation period
how can we control portals of entry and exit to break the chain of transmission
isolate sick people, universal precautions
what is an immunization
process in which active or passive immunity to an infectious agent is induced or amplified
what is a vaccination
administration of vaccine or toxoid to confer active immunity
what is primary vaccine failure
improper storage of vaccines, production error (vaccine ineffective before reaching patient)
what is secondary vaccine failure
body lacks immune response after receiving the vaccine
what is natural immunity
innate resistance to antigen or toxin (born with it)
what is acquired immunity
derived from actual exposure to specific infectious agent or vaccine
what is active immunity
body produces its own antibodies to an antigen from either infection or vaccine
what is passive immunity
temporary resistance that has been donated to the host either through transfusions or placental from mother to baby that lasts as long as the substance remains in the bloodstream
what are intentional injuries most commonly resulting from in rural communities
firearms
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