Studied by 1 personmedici family
-ruled Florence during the Renaissance -became wealthy from banking -spent a lot of money on art
secularism
outside of the catholic church
individualism
importance of the individual
classical humanism
unlimited potential because humans have the ability to reason (greco-roman ideal)
christian humanism
God made you
Dontello [David] quattrocentro
Botticelli [Birth of Venus] quattrocentro
Botticelli [Allegory of Spring] quattrocentro
quattrocentro
1400s centered in florence
petrarch
father of italian renaissance humanism
dante [divince comendy]
9 levels of hell, purgatory, and paradise
castilglione [the courtier]
"how to" edict about be a good and well rounded courtier (person in the royal court)
machiavelli [the prince]
-"how to" book about being a good prince/ ruler -"the ends justify the means" -continually focus on war -leaders should be feared not loved but never hated -be a lion and a fox
cinquecentro
1500s centered in rome
rome
focused on during the cinquecentro
leonardo [mona lisa] cinquecentro
leonardo [last supper] cinquecentro
michelangelo [david] cinquecentro
michelangelo [pieta] cinquecentro
michelangelo [sistine chapel ceiling] cinquecentro
michelangelo [moses/ julius II's tomb] cinquecentro
michelangelo [last judgment] cinquecentro
michelangelo [st peter's dome] cinquecentro
raphael [julius II] cinquecentro
raphael [leo X] cinquecentro
raphael [school of athens] cinquecentro
mirandola ["oration of the dignity of man"]
use the things that God gave to only humans to strive for excellence
bruneleschi [duomo cathedral dome] quattrocento
ghiberti [baptistry doors] quattrocentro
printing press
-moveable type by gutenburg -propaganda/ persuasion -"common identity"/ vernacular
gutenberg
invented the moveable type
erasmus of rotterdam
a humanist scholar who developed Latin and Greek translations of the New Testament
thomas more [utopia]
wrote a book about how the country should be governed but knew it was dangerous [he was executed in the tower of london]
christian vs classical humanism
God made you vs humans have reason (greco-roman ideal)
van eyck [marriage of giovanni and giovanna]
pope alexander VI
-damaged the church and rome -abused his power (for his family) -very $$/ bought the votes in his election -son= cesar borgia (broke the vow of celibacy)
cesare borgia
-cardinal -suspected of killing his brother -military official -pope alexander VI's son -machiavelli's ideal prince
ferdinand and isabella
-marriage united spain -"catholic kings" -ended the reconquista -sponsored columbus -royal council checked aristocratic power -strengthened the church -spanish inquisition
pope julius II
-"warrior pope" -political and religious career before papacy -fought in wars to gain all of italy -$$/ sold indulgences to fund war and art
francis I of france
-talked to his people -ruled from prison -hunter in his free time -chose church officials for the gailican church -peace treaty w switzerland -brings renaissance to france (leonardo)
florence
-large amounts of bankers and merchants -wool textile -ruled by medici family who beautified the city -alliances w european countrines -starting point of the renaissance [the renaissance was caused by the wealth of the northern italian cities]
milan
-largest population -led by dukes of sforza -manufacturing and trade dominated -imported agriculture
venice
-stable government -led by council of ten merchant aristocrats -east meets west -traded silk and spices
papal states
-states owned by church -rome and surroundings
lorenzo de medici
-co leader of florence -florence banker -brought artists to florence -"the wise"
pope leo X
-excommunicated martin luther -part of the medici family -nepotism/indulgences/ sold church offices -extravagant pope/ spent $$$ -patron of the arts and theater -golden age of arts in rome -issued a jubilee indulgence to pay for st peter's basilica -called luther "a wild boar loose in the vineyard" -named henry VIII the title of defender of the faith (1475-1521)
sforza family
ruled Milan as dukes and continued to serve as leaders of the city for most of the Renaissance period
motivation for exploration
gold and spices and spreading religion
henry the navigator
portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of africa
antwerp
center of banking and commerce during the renaissance
bartholomeu dias
sailed around africa to the cape of good hope but returned bc he feared mutiny from his crew
columbus
thought he reached asia when he landed in the bahamas and cuba in the new world
magellan
first to circumnavigate the world (killed by philippian natives)
conquistador
a general term for a spanish conqueror of the americas
encomienda
feudalism and manorialism in the new world
slavery
result of the columbian exchange
inflation
gold and silver decreases --> debasement of currency
bullion
gold and silver
tierra del fuego
"land of fire"/ large island at the southern tip of south america
louis XI
-new monarch -foundation for french absolutism -"most christian king of france" title given by pope -admired by machiavelli -defeated the dukes of burgandy -replace feudalism -stabilized france -the "spider" king
henry VII
-new monarch -parliament became tool of king -used royal council and council of star chamber to check aristocratic power -restored economy -did not trust the nobility
indulgences
pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment for sin
tetzel
dominican who sold indulgences in Germany "as soon as the coin the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"
wittenburg
the city in northern germany where luther nailed up his 95 theses
95 theses
october 31, 1517 luther nailed his list of disapproval and problems with the church and the papal power to the wittenburg church door
diet of augsburg
1530 called by charles V/ demanded lutherans to return to the catholic church
diet of worms
1521 called by HRE charles V/ luther refused to recant his works so he was made an outlaw in the empire
consubstantiation
luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that christ is present in spirit only
frederick of saxony
helped luther hide @ wartburg castle [saved his life]
2 sacraments
baptism and communion
peasant revolt
-1521 -vast following of luther by lower class -resentment of clerical wealth -peasants demand land -luther does not support the peasants revolt -revolt, violence, riot, theft, murder
peace of augsburg
1555 -acknowledged divide in christianity -german ruler decides the religion of his subjects
no longer a united empire for charles v
oct 31 1517
luther posts his 95 theses
1555
peace of augsburg
faith alone
luther's main claim, that one did not need good works to be saved
hapsburg
-gave unity to europe -maxmillian I of austria married mary of burgundy -philip the fair marries juana of spain -grandson charles V
"a might fortress is our God"
luther's hymn
francis I
-king of france -persecuted protestants (why calvin fled paris)
geneva
calvin's center of protestantism/ fortress of the reformation
predestination
calvinist belief that God determined who would gain salvation pre-birth
institutes of the christian religion
work by john calvin that described to the world the ideology of calvin
huguenots
-french calvinists -persecuted
john knox
spreads calvinism to scotland [presbyterians]
presbyterians
calvinsits in scotland under john knox
puritans
protestants in the anglican church that wanted to remove all catholicism from england's church (inspired by calvinism)
elect
in calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation
damned
condemned by God to suffer eternal punishment in hell (calvinsim)
calling
in protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work
henry VIII
-king of england from 1509 to 1547 -wanted to annul his marriage with catherine of aragon but the pope refused so he broke off england from the roman catholic church and embraced protestantism -6 wives (had trouble producing a male heir) -act of supremacy and act of succession 1534
thomas wolsey
-lord chancellor of england to henry VIII -released from office for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to catherine of aragon
catherine of aragon
-first wife of henry VIII -mother of mary I -henry's desire for a divorce from her caused england's break with rome -banished and died while gone
anne boleyn
-second wife of henry VIII -mother of elizabeth I -lady in waiting to queen catherine of aragon -executed for treason
"defender of the faith"
title given given by the pope to henry VIII before his split with the catholic church
charles V
-HRE, king of spain, ruler of the netherlands and austria -wanted to keep europe religiously united and catholic -wanted to stop protestantism -preocuppied with struggles with turkey and france and could not solely focus on the rise of protestantism in germany -called the diet of worms against luther
annulment
the declaration by the church that a marriage never existed as a sacramental union (catholics who divorce must have the marriage annulled by the church to be free to marry once again)
mary tudor "bloody mary"
-killed lady jane grey -married philip II of spain -violently turned england back to catholicism [kills protestants] -england and spain fight france and england loses calais -died 1558 -henry VII and catherine of aragon's daughter
elizabeth I of england
-henry VIII and anne boleyn's daughter -protestant -ruled after bloody mary -stability -defeat of the spanish armada
oath of supremacy
declared the ruler of england as the head of the church
oath of succession
if the ruler of england had no male heir, their female heir could take power
thomas more
-english humanist -revealed the complexities of man -wote utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society -killed bc he wouldn't sign the oath of supremacy
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