APeuro tri 1 exam

medici family

-ruled Florence during the Renaissance
-became wealthy from banking
-spent a lot of money on art

secularism

outside of the catholic church

individualism

importance of the individual

classical humanism

unlimited potential because humans have the ability to reason (greco-roman ideal)

christian humanism

God made you

Dontello [David] quattrocentro

Botticelli [Birth of Venus] quattrocentro

Botticelli [Allegory of Spring] quattrocentro

quattrocentro

1400s centered in florence

petrarch

father of italian renaissance humanism

dante [divince comendy]

9 levels of hell, purgatory, and paradise

castilglione [the courtier]

"how to" edict about be a good and well rounded courtier (person in the royal court)

machiavelli [the prince]

-"how to" book about being a good prince/ ruler
-"the ends justify the means"
-continually focus on war
-leaders should be feared not loved but never hated
-be a lion and a fox

cinquecentro

1500s centered in rome

rome

focused on during the cinquecentro

leonardo [mona lisa] cinquecentro

leonardo [last supper] cinquecentro

michelangelo [david] cinquecentro

michelangelo [pieta] cinquecentro

michelangelo [sistine chapel ceiling] cinquecentro

michelangelo [moses/ julius II's tomb] cinquecentro

michelangelo [last judgment] cinquecentro

michelangelo [st peter's dome] cinquecentro

raphael [julius II] cinquecentro

raphael [leo X] cinquecentro

raphael [school of athens] cinquecentro

mirandola ["oration of the dignity of man"]

use the things that God gave to only humans to strive for excellence

bruneleschi [duomo cathedral dome] quattrocento

ghiberti [baptistry doors] quattrocentro

printing press

-moveable type by gutenburg
-propaganda/ persuasion
-"common identity"/ vernacular

gutenberg

invented the moveable type

erasmus of rotterdam

a humanist scholar who developed Latin and Greek translations of the New Testament

thomas more [utopia]

wrote a book about how the country should be governed but knew it was dangerous [he was executed in the tower of london]

christian vs classical humanism

God made you vs humans have reason (greco-roman ideal)

van eyck [marriage of giovanni and giovanna]

pope alexander VI

-damaged the church and rome
-abused his power (for his family)
-very $$/ bought the votes in his election
-son= cesar borgia (broke the vow of celibacy)

cesare borgia

-cardinal
-suspected of killing his brother
-military official
-pope alexander VI's son
-machiavelli's ideal prince

ferdinand and isabella

-marriage united spain
-"catholic kings"
-ended the reconquista
-sponsored columbus
-royal council checked aristocratic power
-strengthened the church
-spanish inquisition

pope julius II

-"warrior pope"
-political and religious career before papacy
-fought in wars to gain all of italy
-$$/ sold indulgences to fund war and art

francis I of france

-talked to his people
-ruled from prison
-hunter in his free time
-chose church officials for the gailican church
-peace treaty w switzerland
-*brings renaissance to france* (leonardo)

florence

-large amounts of bankers and merchants
-wool textile
-ruled by medici family who beautified the city
-alliances w european countrines
-*starting point of the renaissance* [the renaissance was caused by the wealth of the northern italian cities]

milan

-largest population
-led by dukes of sforza
-manufacturing and trade dominated
-imported agriculture

venice

-stable government
-led by council of ten merchant aristocrats
-east meets west
-traded silk and spices

papal states

-states owned by church
-rome and surroundings

lorenzo de medici

-co leader of florence
-florence banker
-brought artists to florence
-"the wise"

pope leo X

-excommunicated martin luther
-part of the medici family
-nepotism/indulgences/ sold church offices
-extravagant pope/ spent $$$
-patron of the arts and theater
-golden age of arts in rome
-issued a jubilee indulgence to pay for st peter's basilica
-called luther "a wild boar loose in the vineyard"
-named henry VIII the title of defender of the faith (1475-1521)

sforza family

ruled Milan as dukes and continued to serve as leaders of the city for most of the Renaissance period

motivation for exploration

gold and spices and spreading religion

henry the navigator

portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of africa

antwerp

center of banking and commerce during the renaissance

bartholomeu dias

sailed around africa to the *cape of good hope* but returned bc he feared mutiny from his crew

columbus

thought he reached asia when he landed in the bahamas and cuba in the new world

magellan

first to circumnavigate the world (killed by philippian natives)

conquistador

a general term for a spanish conqueror of the americas

encomienda

feudalism and manorialism in the new world

slavery

result of the columbian exchange

inflation

gold and silver decreases --> debasement of currency

bullion

gold and silver

tierra del fuego

"land of fire"/ large island at the southern tip of south america

louis XI

-*new monarch*
-foundation for french absolutism
-"most christian king of france" title given by pope
-admired by machiavelli
-defeated the dukes of burgandy
-replace feudalism
-stabilized france
-the "spider" king

henry VII

-*new monarch*
-parliament became tool of king
-used royal council and council of star chamber to check aristocratic power
-restored economy
-did not trust the nobility

indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment for sin

tetzel

dominican who sold indulgences in Germany "as soon as the coin the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

wittenburg

the city in northern germany where luther nailed up his 95 theses

95 theses

october 31, 1517
luther nailed his list of disapproval and problems with the church and the papal power to the wittenburg church door

diet of augsburg

1530
called by charles V/ demanded lutherans to return to the catholic church

diet of worms

1521
called by HRE charles V/ luther refused to recant his works so he was made an outlaw in the empire

consubstantiation

luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that christ is present in spirit only

frederick of saxony

helped luther hide @ wartburg castle [saved his life]

2 sacraments

baptism and communion

peasant revolt

-1521
-vast following of luther by lower class
-resentment of clerical wealth
-peasants demand land
-luther *does not* support the peasants revolt
-revolt, violence, riot, theft, murder

peace of augsburg

1555
-acknowledged divide in christianity
-german ruler decides the religion of his subjects
- no longer a united empire for charles v

oct 31 1517

luther posts his 95 theses

1555

peace of augsburg

faith alone

luther's main claim, that one did not need good works to be saved

hapsburg

-gave unity to europe
-maxmillian I of austria married mary of burgundy
-philip the fair marries juana of spain
-grandson charles V

"a might fortress is our God"

luther's hymn

francis I

-king of france
-persecuted protestants
(why calvin fled paris)

geneva

calvin's center of protestantism/ fortress of the reformation

predestination

calvinist belief that God determined who would gain salvation pre-birth

institutes of the christian religion

work by john calvin that described to the world the ideology of calvin

huguenots

-french calvinists
-persecuted

john knox

spreads calvinism to scotland [presbyterians]

presbyterians

calvinsits in scotland under john knox

puritans

protestants in the anglican church that wanted to remove all catholicism from england's church (inspired by calvinism)

elect

in calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation

damned

condemned by God to suffer eternal punishment in hell (calvinsim)

calling

in protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work

henry VIII

-king of england from 1509 to 1547
-wanted to annul his marriage with catherine of aragon but the pope refused so he broke off england from the roman catholic church and embraced protestantism
-6 wives (had trouble producing a male heir)
-act of supremacy and act of succession 1534

thomas wolsey

-lord chancellor of england to henry VIII
-released from office for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to catherine of aragon

catherine of aragon

-first wife of henry VIII
-mother of mary I
-henry's desire for a divorce from her caused england's break with rome
-banished and died while gone

anne boleyn

-second wife of henry VIII
-mother of elizabeth I
-lady in waiting to queen catherine of aragon
-executed for treason

"defender of the faith"

title given given by the pope to henry VIII before his split with the catholic church

charles V

-HRE, king of spain, ruler of the netherlands and austria
-wanted to keep europe religiously united and catholic
-wanted to stop protestantism
-preocuppied with struggles with turkey and france and could not solely focus on the rise of protestantism in germany
-called the diet of worms against luther

annulment

the declaration by the church that a marriage never existed as a sacramental union (catholics who divorce must have the marriage annulled by the church to be free to marry once again)

mary tudor "bloody mary"

-killed lady jane grey
-married philip II of spain
-violently turned england back to catholicism [kills protestants]
-england and spain fight france and england loses calais
-died 1558
-henry VII and catherine of aragon's daughter

elizabeth I of england

-henry VIII and anne boleyn's daughter
-*protestant*
-ruled after bloody mary
-stability
-defeat of the spanish armada

oath of supremacy

declared the ruler of england as the head of the church

oath of succession

if the ruler of england had no male heir, their female heir could take power

thomas more

-english humanist
-revealed the complexities of man
-wote utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society
-killed bc he wouldn't sign the oath of supremacy