gross anatomy quiz 1

what is the regional anatomy approach

focuses on a specific part/area/region of the body by examining the arrangement and relationships of the systematic structures within it.

example: thorax

what is surface anatomy

provides knowledge about what lies under the skin and what structures are palpable in the body. includes landmarks that guide you to what is below.

what are the regions of the body

Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis & Perineum, Back, Lower limb, Upper limb, Head, Neck

what is systematic anatomy

study of the bodys organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

what are the body systems

integumentary, articular, nervous, lymphatic, respiratory, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, endocrine

what is clinical anatomy

deals with the aspects of the body’s structure and function as they relate to the practice of medicine

what does clinical anatomy incorporate

the regional and systematic approaches

what is the integumentary system

the skin

what is the primary function of the integumentary system

protection. the skin protects internal structures/fluids, prevents the entry of disease causing organisms, and pigmentary protection from UV light

what are the other functions of the integumentary systems

containment (of tissues/organs/fluids), heat regulation (through perspiration and insulation), sensation (by nerves and sensory endings), production and storage of Vitamin D, most of body’s fat storage

what is the largest organ system

the integumentary system

what are the three layers of the skin? superficial to deep?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

characteristics of epidermis

keratinized epithelium (dead skin), avascular, usually 4-5 layers

characteristics of dermis

loose and dense connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers, vascular (if your skin bleeds its from here), specialized structures (hair follicles, nerves, glands, nerve receptors)

characteristics of hypodermis

subcutaneous, connective and adipose (fat) tissue, vascular, and specialized structures (nerves, blood vessles, lymphatics)

what is deep fascia

dense connective tissue that covers most of the body. deep to skin. covers whole body and connects to other things

what is investing fascia

deep fascia that surrounds indivudual deep structures, such as around muscles

what is a fascial compartment

surrounds grouped structures with similar functions, such as a muscle compartment

what is intramuscular septa

thick fascia that separates compartments and attaches to bone

what is retinaculum

thick fascia to hold tendons in place (think wrist, ankle)

what is subserous fascia

between internal surface of musculoskeletal walla and serous membranes lining the body

what is a bursa

a closed sac of serous membrane that are normally collapsed/closed. potential space in areas with friction. can fill with fluids and be bad

what are the three examples of bursa

pericardial sac (heart), pleural sac (lung), peritoneal sac (peritoneum)

what is a serous membrane

tissue capable of secreting a thin layer of fluid (serous fluid) to lubricate a smooth internal surface

what is the visceral layer

inner layer of serous sac, next to the organ or structure. DIRECT contact

what is the parietal layer

the outer layer of serous sac next to body wall. contact with OTHER structures

what do the layers allow the surrounded structure to do?

move freely

what are the two parts of the skeletal system

axial (skull, spine, sternum, ribs), appendicular (limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles)

what is the skeletal system composed of

cartilage and bones

what is cartilage

avascular connective tissue that is in areas of flexibility and movement. also covers weight bearing articular surfaces of bone

what are the three types of cartilage

elastic, fibrous, hyaline

how does cartilage get its nutrients due to no blood flow

diffusion

characteristics of bone

“living”, highly vascular; provides support, protection, mechanical basis for movement, storage of calcium, new blood cells

what are the two types of bones

compact and spongey (more porous). both are very dense and strong

where is coastal cartilage located

ONLY in the ribs

where is articular cartilage

joints

what are skeletal articulations

joints

what is a joint

a union or junction between two or more bones

what do joints have

a vascular and nerve supply

what is proprioception

articular nerves transmit sensory impulses from the joint which contribute to proprioception, providing awareness of movement and position of body parts

how are joints classified

based on the manner or type of material by which the bones are united

what are the three types of bones

synovial (main joints, always mobile), fibrous (dense fiber held together), cartilaginous (fibrous pads)

what are features of synovial joints

ligament, joint capsule (fibrous capsule and synovial membrane), joint cavity, articular cartilage

what are features of fibrous joints

connective fibrous cartilage that holds joints together. interosseous membrane

what are features of cartilaginous joints

intervertebral discs, epiphyseal plaee

what are the 6 types of synovial joints

pivot, ball and socket, plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid

what is a pivot joint and example

a rounded process of a bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation.

example: atlano-axial joint of neck

what is a ball and socket joint and example

a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes

example: hip joint

what is a plane joint and example

permit gliding and sliding movements (up/down or backward/forward)

example: acromioclavicular joint of the clavical and acromion of scapula

what is a hinge joint and example

permit flexion and extension only

example: elbow joint, also knee joint but knee does some rotation

what is a saddle joint and example

saddle shaped heads permit movement in two different planes

example: carpometacarpal joint of trapezium and first metacarpal (knuckle)

what is a condyloid joint and example

permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction. provides almost as much motion as a ball and socket joint

example: metacarpophalangeal joint of metacarpal and proximal phalanx (above first knuckle)

what is the function of the muscular system

to move body parts or change the shape of internal organs

what are the three types of muscle

skeletal striated (voluntary somatic), cardiac striated (involuntary visceral), smooth striated (involuntary visceral)

what are striations

lines on muscles, how proteins are lined up

what are voluntary muscles

muscles you have control over

what are involuntary muscles

muscles you do not have control over

what are somatic muscles

skeletal muscles

what are visceral muscles

organs

what do some muscle tendons form

aponeuroses (flat sheet of tendon for anchoring to skeleton or deep fascia)

what are the two ends of the muscle

origin (proximal, fixed end where the muscle starts)

insertion (distal, movable end where the muscle ends. this is mobile and crosses a joint)

what is the agonist function

this is the prime mover

example: bicep

what is the synergist function

assists the agonist

example: biceps brachii

what is the antagonist function

opposes the agonist and/or synergist

example: tricep

what is the fixator function

stabilizes the proximal end for more efficient distal movement. core stability for peripheral mobility

example: rotator cuff

what does the muscle do when it crosses a specific joint?

it will act on that joint

nerve interaction with muscles

usually innervate functional groups of muscles that are within a common fascial compartment

artery interactions with muscles

generally supply the structures they contact.

what are the two parts of the circulatory system

cardiovascular and lymphatic

what are the two parts of the cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

what is the function of blood

carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from cells

what two sub-systems does the heart divide the cardiovascular system into

pulmonary circulation (blood to and from lungs)

systemic circulation (blood to and from the body)

what are the three types of blood vessels

arteries

veins

capillaries

what do arteries do

carries oxygenated blood to organs of the body. under high pressure

what do veins do

return deoxygenated blood from capillary beds to the heart. under low pressure. veins usually accompany named arteries

what do capillaries do

\-connect arterioles and venules

\- allow exchange of extracellular fluid

\- arranged in capillary beds

\-the portal venous system links 2 capillary beds

ex- hepatic portal vein

what does the lymphatic system do

drains surplus fluid from extracellular spaces to the bloodstream, plays a major part in immunity, and absorbs and transports dietary fat

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

\-lymphatic plexuses (network of lymphatic capillaries)

\-lymphatic vessels (network of vessels with valves that follow arteries and veins)

\-lymph (fluid)

\-lymph nodes (filter lymph)

\-lymphocytes (immune system cells)

\-lymphoid organs (produce lymphocytes such as thymus, red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymphoid nodules)

what does the lymphatic system rely on

arteries/veins/muscles to push through since there is no pump

what are the 2 major ducts for drainage

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

what does the right lymphatic duct do

drains right upper quadrant into right venous angle (junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins)

what does the thoracic duct do

drains remainder of the body into left venous angle (junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins)

where does the majority of drainage go

the thoracic duct

what is the function of the nervous system

allows the body to react to changes in the environment. controls the activities of other systems within the body

what two parts is the nervous system ANATOMICALLY divided into

the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

what makes up the CNS

the brain and spinal cord ONLY

what makes up the PNS

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. also the nerve fibers and their cell bodies outside the CNS

what is the nervous system FUNCTIONALLY divided into

the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS)

what is the somatic nervous system (SNS)

provides sensory and motor innervation to all body parts except the viscera, smooth muscle and glands. controls primary voluntary activities.

skeletal muscles!!

what is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

controls primarily involuntary activities. provides sensory and motor to viscera, glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

what are the two main cell types nervous tissue consists of

neurons and neuroglia

what are neurons

\-a structural/functional unit

\-consists of a cell body with dendrites that carry signals to cell body and axons

what are the two types of neurons

multipolar motor neurons and pseudounipolar sensory neurons

what are multipolar motor neurons

several dendrites and one axon. super excitable and determines if something will get responded to

what are pseudounipolar sensory neurons

double process from the cell body, called a peripheral process and a central process. the peripheral process comes in, and the central process leaves and goes to the CNS

what are synapses

points of communication between neurons

what are neuroglia

part of nervous tissue. non-neuronal, non-excitable supporting cell. such as muscle cells

what do several axons together in the PNS make

a nerve

what is the function of the CNS

integrates and coordinates higher mental functions

parts of brain

\-outer cortex composed of gray matter which consist mainly of nerve cell bodies

\-inner cortex composed of white matter which consists mainly of axons forming tracts and ventricles, filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)