MEMORY AP PSYCH TEST REVIEW

memory

the brain’s process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information experiences and skills

working memory

the mental scratchpad for temporarily holding and manipulating information while performing complex cognitive tasks like reasoning, learning and problem solving

what are the 3 types of memory

sensory, short term, and long term

what are the 3 processes in memory

encoding, storage, and retrieval

encoding

putting new information into long term memory

T/F: how a person encodes determines how they will remember

true

3 types of encoding

structural, phonemic, and semantic

structural encoding

based on how the word looks

phonemic encoding

focuses on how the word sounds

semantic encoding

make the word or new information meaningful

short term memory

things held in your conscious mind at any one given time

you can hold 7 items in your mind (give or take 2) in what type of memory?

short term

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information to keep it fresh

chunking

connecting related items to make room for more stuff in the short term memoryse

serial position effect

better able to recall items at the beginning and end of a list

schemas

patterns of thoughts and behaviors built up over time that people used to process information quickly and effortlessly as they interact with the world

what are some examples of distorted automatic thoughts

mind reading, labeling, fortune telling

long term memory

unlimited capacity

implicit memory

used on tasks that do not require intentional rememberinge

explicit memory

involves intentional remembering

procedural memory

memory for actions, skills, operations, and conditioned responses

explicit memory definition #2

the conscious intentional recollection of factual information, personal, experiences, concepts

semantic memory

knowledge of language rules, meanings, words, facts and general knowledge

episodic memory

memory of our own life where personal things are stored. It is a record of things you’ve done seen, or heard.

prospective memory

trying to remember what you have to do in the near or far future

long term memory →explicit and implicit memory

implicit → procedural memory (motors skills, cognitions)

explicit → episodic (memory of our own life) and semantic (general knowledge)

diagram of long term memory

sensory ———→ STM —————→LTM

pay attention—rehearsal—-encoding and retrieval

multi-store memory models

sensory memory

preserving information for a brief time, usually only for a fraction of a second

iconic memory

visual sensory memory - hold for up to a second in your mind

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory holds for 1 to 2 seconds in your mind

rosy retrospection

refers to the finding that subjects later rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when they occurred

retrieval

ability to access information when you need it

recall

remembering from your brain with no reference

flashbulb memories

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

retrieval cues

stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory

context dependent memory

the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

mood congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

state dependent memory

being in the same internal state whether that is physiological or psychological improves memory when you are in that state again

misinformation effect

slight changes to produce a targeted outcome/answer

constructive memory

our memories works as an active process of building or rebuilding past events rather than a literal replay

source amnesia

the inability to recall where, when, or how one has learned knowledge that has been acquired and retained

imagination inflation

a memory distortion effect where imagining an event not only increases familiarity but also boosts a person’s confidence that the event actually happened

cerebellum involves:

balance and coordination

hippocampus

where memory consolidation takes place

amygdala

critical to the formation of memories for learned fears (also contributes to other emotional memories)

pre-frontal cortex

responsible for executive functions like planning, decision making, impulse control, and problem solving.

dendrites

receive information in the neuron

axon

terminal in the neuron that sends to another place in the body

soma

where it is stored

long term potentiation

long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway.

testing effect

actively retrieving information from memory

retrograde amnesia

involves the loss of memories for events that occurred before the accident/incident

anterograde amnesia

involves loos of memories for events that occur after the accident/incident

infantile amnesia

inability to recall anything prior to the age of 3 or 4

encoding failure

never encoded the information enough to go into long term memory

retrieval failure

tip of the tongue phenomenon where information was encoded but you need a retrieval cue to remember

interference

people forget information because of competitions from other material

retroactive interference

new information makes it harder to recall something learned earlier

proactive interference

occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later

motivated forgetting (repression)

this refers to keeping thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious