PLN 3 Reviewer

Ekistics

Ekistics

science of human settlements; greek term meaning "settling down"

Constantinos Doxiadis

a greek architect-engineer who coined the term

Human settlement

inhabited by man

Economical realities

many of the inhabitants of human settlements do not have the means to satisfy their needs

Social realities

man appears lost in the big cities, abandoned by progress in many small towns and villages

Political realities

creation of new types of people: marginalized people, displaced people, poor, refugees, etc.

Technical realities

most settlements do not have the facilities indispensable to their proper functioning

Aesthetic realities

the ugliness of human settlements

1. unprecedented increase in population

2. impacts of machines

3. gradual socialization

4. growth and change

critical conditions to all cities according to Doxiadis

content and container

two (2) basic elements of human settlements

1. man

2. society

3. networks

4. shells

5. nature

five (5) elements of human settlements or ekistic elements

Man

individual human being

Society

people and their interaction with population trends, group behavior, social customs, occupation, income, and government

Networks

transportation, communication and utilities support the settlements and tie them together

Shells

buildings and structures men built to protect himself

Nature

the ecosystem within which man and society operates

-man is becoming displaced -lack of social cohesion -lack of contact -noise, odor, and contaminated air

problems with the elements

Albert Schweitzer

"Man will end by destroying himself"

1. unprecedented increase in population 2.tremendous rate of urbanization

2. huge increase of the average per capital income

3. unexpected technological progress

4. social and political impact

Causes of problems in Human settlements

economists and engineer

two basic professions which could greatly contribute to the solution of the problems of human settlements

city officials and mayors

those responsible for the overall effort within human settlement

Seers

pioneer thinkers in urban planning

Howard, Ebenezzer

"Garden city of tomorrow"

Howard, Ebenezzer

first garden cities

Howard, Ebenezzer

the three magnets: town, country, town-country

Garden City of Tomorrow

one of the most important books in the history of urban planning; from it stems garden cities or new town movement

New Lanark

Robert Owen

Saltaire

Titus Salts

Bournville

built by chocolate manufacturer George Cadbury

Port Sunlight

built by chemical magnate William Lever

Edward Gibbon Wakefield

advocated the planned movement of population

James Silk Bukingham

developed the idea of a model city

Alfred Marshall

invented the idea of the new town

Town, Country, Town-Country

combine all the advantage of the town by way of accessibility; achieved by planned decentralization of workers; outside normal commuter range

Neighborhood unit

certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can't or do not travel far; central place for a small community; based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as primary schools and local shops

Raymond Unwin

Letchworth and the Hampstead Garden Suburd

Letchworth

first garden city

Hampstead garden suburb

a dormitory suburb; socially mixed community, creating of a range of houses

Barry Parker

Wythenshawe

Wythenshawe

the 3rd garden city, mixture of industrial and residential areas

Nothing Gained by Overcrowding!

very influential pamphlet; housing should be developed at lower densities, need for public open spaces

New York Regional Plan

great multi-volume plan

Clarence Perry

developed the neighborhood unit idea

Clarence Stein

architect planner working in NY region, taken the concept of the neighborhood unit further; developed his own version of the garden city, include many key elements such as the superblock and cul-de-sac

H. Alker Trip

Town Planning and Traffic; british cities should be reconstructed on the basis of precincts

Patrick Abercrombie

notable contribution were made by exceeding city planning to a wider scale; prepared the Greater London Plan of 1944

Human ecology

relationship between man and his environment

Patrick Geddes

Scots biologist; Cities in Evolution; contribution to planning was the study of reality

Cities of Evolution

systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities

P.G.F. Le Play

place-work-folk

place-work-folk

Le Play's famous triad; fundamental study of men living and on their land

Suburban decentralization

causing cities to spread widely

Lewis Mumford

Geddes's follower wrote "The Culture of Cities"

The Culture of Cities

the bible of the regional planning movement

Frank Lloyd Wright

Broadacre City

Broadacre City

low density urban spread; an acre of land enough to grown crops

Broadacre City

Single-family homes each surrounded by an acre of land, allow each family to grow food for its own consumption

George Eugene Hausmann

19th century reconstruction of Paris

Arturio Soria Y Mata

proposed to develop along an axis of high speed, high intensity transportation; The Linear City

The Linear City

based on a central rapid transit system

Tony Garnier

industrial city (Cite Industrielle)

Ernst May

satellite towns (Trabantenstadte)

Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier)

Swiss-born architect, one of the creators of the modern movement in architecture; Unite' d' Habitation and Punjab; The City of tomorrow and The Radiant City

The Radiant City

idea of a city with very high local concentrations of populations in tall building

Planning

ultimately a prescriptive, not a descriptive activity; require a standard of reference or a model of the planning process

Definitional, Substantive, Normative

range of issues of Planning Theory

Planning process

the core of planning theory

Planning theory

examines the components of the planning process; their nature, sequence and relationship

Planning

basic human activity; rationale choice; control of future action; special kind of problem solving; what planners do

Planning

noot a purely individual activity; not present-oriented; cannot be routinized; has little or nothing in common with trial-and-error; not just the imagining of desirable future

1. Rationality

2. Standards of Rationality

3. Aggregation of Choices

features of planning process

Rationality

central feature of planning; choosing the best means

Standards of Rantionality

simplify the complexities of situations and values

Problem Identification > Goal Articulation > Prediction and Projection > Alternative Development > Feasibility Analysis > Evaluation > Implementation

Model of the Planning Process

Problem Identification

diagnosis of the problem

Goal Articulation

most difficult in planning is the translation of vague and general goals

Prediction and Projection

forecasting the outcome

Implementation

needs a strong political commitment

Urban Planning

planning with spatial or geographical component; also known as 'physical' planning (or regional planning)

Survey analysis plan

the classic sequence taught to all planning students

Traditional, Democratic, Equity, Advocacy, Incremental

kinds of Planning

Traditional Planning

planner prescribes both the goals of the plan and the means of attaining them; derived from standards

Democratic Planning

transformation of planning from a top-down approach to a participatory process; generally side with the underdog; contend with the problem of conflicting interests and must judge the legitimacy of the representatives of various clienteles

Equity Planning

on the substance of programs; concept contains an explicit recognition of a multiple of conflicting social interests

Advocacy Planning

professional planners on behalf of an organization, interest group, or community; help can be given to those bodies or interest groups who claim that their interest are damaged or inadequately represented

Incremental Planning

policy makers come to a decision by weighing the marginal advantaged of a limited number of alternatives

1. Technocratic theory & traditional planning

2. Democratic theory & democratic planning

3. Socialist theory & equity planning

4. Liberal theory & incrementalism

Four (4) types of political theory

Technocratic theory

desire to restore the order of the pre-industrial world; "order and progress"; progress through science and rationality tied to the constructive use of power in the form of the plan

Democratic theory

sovereignty emanate from the people; the planner act as delegate of the citizenry

Socialist theory

concerned entirely with obtaining power and benefit from the poor

Liberal theory

guarantee the rule of law, to defend agreed-upon procedures; act as an impartial judge or umpire

John Rowles

"it's not the group but the individual"

Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment

three (3) evils of development

physical, economical, allocative, innovative, indicative, imperative, normative, behavioral planning

categories and concepts of planning

Physical planning

spatial qualities and relationship of developments

Economic planning

facilitates the working of the market

Allocative planning

regulatory planning

Innovative planning

development planning

Indicative planning

lays down general guidelines; advisory in nature

Imperative planning

command planning