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Ekistics

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142 Terms

1

Ekistics

science of human settlements; greek term meaning "settling down"

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Constantinos Doxiadis

a greek architect-engineer who coined the term

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3

Human settlement

inhabited by man

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Economical realities

many of the inhabitants of human settlements do not have the means to satisfy their needs

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Social realities

man appears lost in the big cities, abandoned by progress in many small towns and villages

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Political realities

creation of new types of people: marginalized people, displaced people, poor, refugees, etc.

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Technical realities

most settlements do not have the facilities indispensable to their proper functioning

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Aesthetic realities

the ugliness of human settlements

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9
  1. unprecedented increase in population

  2. impacts of machines

  3. gradual socialization

  4. growth and change

critical conditions to all cities according to Doxiadis

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10

content and container

two (2) basic elements of human settlements

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  1. man

  2. society

  3. networks

  4. shells

  5. nature

five (5) elements of human settlements or ekistic elements

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Man

individual human being

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Society

people and their interaction with population trends, group behavior, social customs, occupation, income, and government

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Networks

transportation, communication and utilities support the settlements and tie them together

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Shells

buildings and structures men built to protect himself

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Nature

the ecosystem within which man and society operates

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-man is becoming displaced -lack of social cohesion -lack of contact -noise, odor, and contaminated air

problems with the elements

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Albert Schweitzer

"Man will end by destroying himself"

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  1. unprecedented increase in population 2.tremendous rate of urbanization

  2. huge increase of the average per capital income

  3. unexpected technological progress

  4. social and political impact

Causes of problems in Human settlements

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20

economists and engineer

two basic professions which could greatly contribute to the solution of the problems of human settlements

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city officials and mayors

those responsible for the overall effort within human settlement

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Seers

pioneer thinkers in urban planning

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Howard, Ebenezzer

"Garden city of tomorrow"

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Howard, Ebenezzer

first garden cities

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Howard, Ebenezzer

the three magnets: town, country, town-country

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Garden City of Tomorrow

one of the most important books in the history of urban planning; from it stems garden cities or new town movement

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New Lanark

Robert Owen

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Saltaire

Titus Salts

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Bournville

built by chocolate manufacturer George Cadbury

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Port Sunlight

built by chemical magnate William Lever

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Edward Gibbon Wakefield

advocated the planned movement of population

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James Silk Bukingham

developed the idea of a model city

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Alfred Marshall

invented the idea of the new town

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Town, Country, Town-Country

combine all the advantage of the town by way of accessibility; achieved by planned decentralization of workers; outside normal commuter range

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Neighborhood unit

certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can't or do not travel far; central place for a small community; based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as primary schools and local shops

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Raymond Unwin

Letchworth and the Hampstead Garden Suburd

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Letchworth

first garden city

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Hampstead garden suburb

a dormitory suburb; socially mixed community, creating of a range of houses

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Barry Parker

Wythenshawe

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Wythenshawe

the 3rd garden city, mixture of industrial and residential areas

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Nothing Gained by Overcrowding!

very influential pamphlet; housing should be developed at lower densities, need for public open spaces

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New York Regional Plan

great multi-volume plan

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Clarence Perry

developed the neighborhood unit idea

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Clarence Stein

architect planner working in NY region, taken the concept of the neighborhood unit further; developed his own version of the garden city, include many key elements such as the superblock and cul-de-sac

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H. Alker Trip

Town Planning and Traffic; british cities should be reconstructed on the basis of precincts

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Patrick Abercrombie

notable contribution were made by exceeding city planning to a wider scale; prepared the Greater London Plan of 1944

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Human ecology

relationship between man and his environment

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Patrick Geddes

Scots biologist; Cities in Evolution; contribution to planning was the study of reality

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Cities of Evolution

systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities

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P.G.F. Le Play

place-work-folk

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place-work-folk

Le Play's famous triad; fundamental study of men living and on their land

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Suburban decentralization

causing cities to spread widely

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Lewis Mumford

Geddes's follower wrote "The Culture of Cities"

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The Culture of Cities

the bible of the regional planning movement

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Broadacre City

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Broadacre City

low density urban spread; an acre of land enough to grown crops

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Broadacre City

Single-family homes each surrounded by an acre of land, allow each family to grow food for its own consumption

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George Eugene Hausmann

19th century reconstruction of Paris

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Arturio Soria Y Mata

proposed to develop along an axis of high speed, high intensity transportation; The Linear City

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The Linear City

based on a central rapid transit system

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Tony Garnier

industrial city (Cite Industrielle)

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Ernst May

satellite towns (Trabantenstadte)

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Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier)

Swiss-born architect, one of the creators of the modern movement in architecture; Unite' d' Habitation and Punjab; The City of tomorrow and The Radiant City

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The Radiant City

idea of a city with very high local concentrations of populations in tall building

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Planning

ultimately a prescriptive, not a descriptive activity; require a standard of reference or a model of the planning process

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Definitional, Substantive, Normative

range of issues of Planning Theory

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Planning process

the core of planning theory

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Planning theory

examines the components of the planning process; their nature, sequence and relationship

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Planning

basic human activity; rationale choice; control of future action; special kind of problem solving; what planners do

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Planning

noot a purely individual activity; not present-oriented; cannot be routinized; has little or nothing in common with trial-and-error; not just the imagining of desirable future

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  1. Rationality

  2. Standards of Rationality

  3. Aggregation of Choices

features of planning process

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Rationality

central feature of planning; choosing the best means

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Standards of Rantionality

simplify the complexities of situations and values

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Problem Identification > Goal Articulation > Prediction and Projection > Alternative Development > Feasibility Analysis > Evaluation > Implementation

Model of the Planning Process

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Problem Identification

diagnosis of the problem

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Goal Articulation

most difficult in planning is the translation of vague and general goals

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Prediction and Projection

forecasting the outcome

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Implementation

needs a strong political commitment

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Urban Planning

planning with spatial or geographical component; also known as 'physical' planning (or regional planning)

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Survey analysis plan

the classic sequence taught to all planning students

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Traditional, Democratic, Equity, Advocacy, Incremental

kinds of Planning

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Traditional Planning

planner prescribes both the goals of the plan and the means of attaining them; derived from standards

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Democratic Planning

transformation of planning from a top-down approach to a participatory process; generally side with the underdog; contend with the problem of conflicting interests and must judge the legitimacy of the representatives of various clienteles

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Equity Planning

on the substance of programs; concept contains an explicit recognition of a multiple of conflicting social interests

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Advocacy Planning

professional planners on behalf of an organization, interest group, or community; help can be given to those bodies or interest groups who claim that their interest are damaged or inadequately represented

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Incremental Planning

policy makers come to a decision by weighing the marginal advantaged of a limited number of alternatives

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  1. Technocratic theory & traditional planning

  2. Democratic theory & democratic planning

  3. Socialist theory & equity planning

  4. Liberal theory & incrementalism

Four (4) types of political theory

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Technocratic theory

desire to restore the order of the pre-industrial world; "order and progress"; progress through science and rationality tied to the constructive use of power in the form of the plan

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Democratic theory

sovereignty emanate from the people; the planner act as delegate of the citizenry

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Socialist theory

concerned entirely with obtaining power and benefit from the poor

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Liberal theory

guarantee the rule of law, to defend agreed-upon procedures; act as an impartial judge or umpire

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John Rowles

"it's not the group but the individual"

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Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment

three (3) evils of development

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physical, economical, allocative, innovative, indicative, imperative, normative, behavioral planning

categories and concepts of planning

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Physical planning

spatial qualities and relationship of developments

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Economic planning

facilitates the working of the market

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Allocative planning

regulatory planning

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Innovative planning

development planning

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Indicative planning

lays down general guidelines; advisory in nature

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Imperative planning

command planning

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