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Ekistics
science of human settlements; greek term meaning "settling down"
Constantinos Doxiadis
a greek architect-engineer who coined the term
Human settlement
inhabited by man
Economical realities
many of the inhabitants of human settlements do not have the means to satisfy their needs
Social realities
man appears lost in the big cities, abandoned by progress in many small towns and villages
Political realities
creation of new types of people: marginalized people, displaced people, poor, refugees, etc.
Technical realities
most settlements do not have the facilities indispensable to their proper functioning
Aesthetic realities
the ugliness of human settlements
unprecedented increase in population
impacts of machines
gradual socialization
growth and change
critical conditions to all cities according to Doxiadis
content and container
two (2) basic elements of human settlements
man
society
networks
shells
nature
five (5) elements of human settlements or ekistic elements
Man
individual human being
Society
people and their interaction with population trends, group behavior, social customs, occupation, income, and government
Networks
transportation, communication and utilities support the settlements and tie them together
Shells
buildings and structures men built to protect himself
Nature
the ecosystem within which man and society operates
-man is becoming displaced -lack of social cohesion -lack of contact -noise, odor, and contaminated air
problems with the elements
Albert Schweitzer
"Man will end by destroying himself"
unprecedented increase in population 2.tremendous rate of urbanization
huge increase of the average per capital income
unexpected technological progress
social and political impact
Causes of problems in Human settlements
economists and engineer
two basic professions which could greatly contribute to the solution of the problems of human settlements
city officials and mayors
those responsible for the overall effort within human settlement
Seers
pioneer thinkers in urban planning
Howard, Ebenezzer
"Garden city of tomorrow"
Howard, Ebenezzer
first garden cities
Howard, Ebenezzer
the three magnets: town, country, town-country
Garden City of Tomorrow
one of the most important books in the history of urban planning; from it stems garden cities or new town movement
New Lanark
Robert Owen
Saltaire
Titus Salts
Bournville
built by chocolate manufacturer George Cadbury
Port Sunlight
built by chemical magnate William Lever
Edward Gibbon Wakefield
advocated the planned movement of population
James Silk Bukingham
developed the idea of a model city
Alfred Marshall
invented the idea of the new town
Town, Country, Town-Country
combine all the advantage of the town by way of accessibility; achieved by planned decentralization of workers; outside normal commuter range
Neighborhood unit
certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can't or do not travel far; central place for a small community; based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as primary schools and local shops
Raymond Unwin
Letchworth and the Hampstead Garden Suburd
Letchworth
first garden city
Hampstead garden suburb
a dormitory suburb; socially mixed community, creating of a range of houses
Barry Parker
Wythenshawe
Wythenshawe
the 3rd garden city, mixture of industrial and residential areas
Nothing Gained by Overcrowding!
very influential pamphlet; housing should be developed at lower densities, need for public open spaces
New York Regional Plan
great multi-volume plan
Clarence Perry
developed the neighborhood unit idea
Clarence Stein
architect planner working in NY region, taken the concept of the neighborhood unit further; developed his own version of the garden city, include many key elements such as the superblock and cul-de-sac
H. Alker Trip
Town Planning and Traffic; british cities should be reconstructed on the basis of precincts
Patrick Abercrombie
notable contribution were made by exceeding city planning to a wider scale; prepared the Greater London Plan of 1944
Human ecology
relationship between man and his environment
Patrick Geddes
Scots biologist; Cities in Evolution; contribution to planning was the study of reality
Cities of Evolution
systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities
P.G.F. Le Play
place-work-folk
place-work-folk
Le Play's famous triad; fundamental study of men living and on their land
Suburban decentralization
causing cities to spread widely
Lewis Mumford
Geddes's follower wrote "The Culture of Cities"
The Culture of Cities
the bible of the regional planning movement
Frank Lloyd Wright
Broadacre City
Broadacre City
low density urban spread; an acre of land enough to grown crops
Broadacre City
Single-family homes each surrounded by an acre of land, allow each family to grow food for its own consumption
George Eugene Hausmann
19th century reconstruction of Paris
Arturio Soria Y Mata
proposed to develop along an axis of high speed, high intensity transportation; The Linear City
The Linear City
based on a central rapid transit system
Tony Garnier
industrial city (Cite Industrielle)
Ernst May
satellite towns (Trabantenstadte)
Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier)
Swiss-born architect, one of the creators of the modern movement in architecture; Unite' d' Habitation and Punjab; The City of tomorrow and The Radiant City
The Radiant City
idea of a city with very high local concentrations of populations in tall building
Planning
ultimately a prescriptive, not a descriptive activity; require a standard of reference or a model of the planning process
Definitional, Substantive, Normative
range of issues of Planning Theory
Planning process
the core of planning theory
Planning theory
examines the components of the planning process; their nature, sequence and relationship
Planning
basic human activity; rationale choice; control of future action; special kind of problem solving; what planners do
Planning
noot a purely individual activity; not present-oriented; cannot be routinized; has little or nothing in common with trial-and-error; not just the imagining of desirable future
Rationality
Standards of Rationality
Aggregation of Choices
features of planning process
Rationality
central feature of planning; choosing the best means
Standards of Rantionality
simplify the complexities of situations and values
Problem Identification > Goal Articulation > Prediction and Projection > Alternative Development > Feasibility Analysis > Evaluation > Implementation
Model of the Planning Process
Problem Identification
diagnosis of the problem
Goal Articulation
most difficult in planning is the translation of vague and general goals
Prediction and Projection
forecasting the outcome
Implementation
needs a strong political commitment
Urban Planning
planning with spatial or geographical component; also known as 'physical' planning (or regional planning)
Survey analysis plan
the classic sequence taught to all planning students
Traditional, Democratic, Equity, Advocacy, Incremental
kinds of Planning
Traditional Planning
planner prescribes both the goals of the plan and the means of attaining them; derived from standards
Democratic Planning
transformation of planning from a top-down approach to a participatory process; generally side with the underdog; contend with the problem of conflicting interests and must judge the legitimacy of the representatives of various clienteles
Equity Planning
on the substance of programs; concept contains an explicit recognition of a multiple of conflicting social interests
Advocacy Planning
professional planners on behalf of an organization, interest group, or community; help can be given to those bodies or interest groups who claim that their interest are damaged or inadequately represented
Incremental Planning
policy makers come to a decision by weighing the marginal advantaged of a limited number of alternatives
Technocratic theory & traditional planning
Democratic theory & democratic planning
Socialist theory & equity planning
Liberal theory & incrementalism
Four (4) types of political theory
Technocratic theory
desire to restore the order of the pre-industrial world; "order and progress"; progress through science and rationality tied to the constructive use of power in the form of the plan
Democratic theory
sovereignty emanate from the people; the planner act as delegate of the citizenry
Socialist theory
concerned entirely with obtaining power and benefit from the poor
Liberal theory
guarantee the rule of law, to defend agreed-upon procedures; act as an impartial judge or umpire
John Rowles
"it's not the group but the individual"
Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment
three (3) evils of development
physical, economical, allocative, innovative, indicative, imperative, normative, behavioral planning
categories and concepts of planning
Physical planning
spatial qualities and relationship of developments
Economic planning
facilitates the working of the market
Allocative planning
regulatory planning
Innovative planning
development planning
Indicative planning
lays down general guidelines; advisory in nature
Imperative planning
command planning